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GENERATORS
DC Generators Principle of operation Action of Commutator Constructional details of DC Machine Types of DC generators EMF Equation
DC Generator
DC motor
Faradays laws
First Law : Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an e.m.f. is always induced in it. or Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is induced in that conductor. Second Law : The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages.
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction A changing magnetic flux through a loop or loops of wire induces an electromotive force (voltage) in each loop.
Lenzs Law The induced currents in a conductor are in such a direction as to oppose the change in magnetic field that produces them..
OR
The direction of induced E.M.F in a coil (conductor) is such that it opposes the cause of producing it..
E.M.F
The First finger (four finger) represents Field. The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current
The following are the basic requirements to be satisfied for generation of E.M.F
1.A uniform Magnetic field 2.A System of conductors 3.Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors
Magnetic field :Permanent Magnet (or) Electro Magnet (practical) Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical rotor Relative motion:By Prime Mover Turbine I.C Engine (Internal combustion)
Basic Generator
Generators
Generators
Basic operation of the generator As the loop rotates, the magnetic flux through it changes with time This induces an e.m.f and a current in the external circuit The ends of the loop are connected to slip rings that rotate with the loop Connections to the external circuit are made by stationary brushes in contact with the slip rings
DC Generators, cont
The output voltage always has the same polarity The current is a pulsating current To produce a steady current, many loops and commutators around the axis of rotation are used
The multiple outputs are superimposed and the output is almost free of fluctuations
Resultant current wave shape when number of conductors used result current wave shape
Constructional Details Of DC Machine Yoke: Rotor: Stator: Field electromagnets: Pole core and pole shoe: Brushes: Shaft: Armature: Coil: Commutator: Bearings:
shaft
Practical Dc Machine
1)Yoke
1)Yoke:Acts as frame of the machine Mechanical support low reluctance for magnetic flux High Permeability -- For Small machines -- Cast ironlow cost -- For Large Machines -- Cast Steel (Rolled steel)
Large DC machine
Small DC machine
3)Armature core
3)Conductor system:a) Armature core (Armature):-- To support armature windings --To rotate conductors in a magnetic field -- it is cylindrical or drum shaped is built --Made of high permeability silicon steel stampings (of 0.5 mm thick) -- Each stamping is separated from its neighboring one by thin varnish as insulation --Laminated to reduce eddy current losses -- A small air gap between pole pieces and armature so that no rubbing between them -- High grade silicon steel used to reduce i) Hysteresis loss ii) Eddy current loss -- Ventilating ducts are provided to dissipate heat to dissipate heat generated by above losses
b) Armature Winding:Main flux cuts armature and hence E.M.F is induced --winding made of Copper (or) Aluminum --windings are insulated each other
4)commutator
4) Commutator:--Hard drawn copper bars segments insulated from each other by mica segments (insulation) -- Between armature & External circuit -- Split-Rings (acts like Rectifier AC to DC )
Carbon, Carbon graphite, copper used to Collects current from commutation (in case of Generator)
6)Shaft and bearings:Shaft-- Mechanical link between prime over and armature Bearings For free rotation
DC Machine Construction
DC Machine Construction
Rotor of a dc machine
DC Machine Construction
Armature Winding
Armature Winding is classified into two types: Lap winding Wave windings
Armature windings
Lap Winding:
are used in machines designed for low voltage and high current armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel. This permits the current capacity of each winding to be added and provides a higher operating current. No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles
Wave winding:
are used in machines designed for high voltage and low current
No. of revolutions/sec=N/ 60 Time for one revolution , dt= 60 /N sec According to Faradays Law of electro magnetic induction E.M.F generated/conductor = d= PN volts dt 60 No. of conductors (in series) in one parallel path= Z / A
E.M.F generated/path= PN Z Volts 60 A Generate E.M.F, Eg= Z N P Volts 60 A For i) Wave winding A = 2 ii) Lap winding A = P
Generators
D.C Generators
Types of Generators
1)Separately excited generators
2)Self excited generators i) shunt wound ii) series wound iii) compound wound a) long shunt b) short shunt
Clasifications of Generators
shunt wound
L
VL
series wound
L
VL
G
L
VL
G
L
VL
(ii) The connections of the field winding should be such that the field current strengthens the residual magnetism. (iii) The resistance of the field circuit should be less than the critical resistance. In other words, the speed of the generator should be higher than the critical speed.
Armature Reaction
The effect of magnetic field set up by armature current on the distribution of flux under main poles of a generator. The armature magnetic field has two effects:
(i) It demagnetizes or weakens the main flux (ii) It cross-magnetizes or distorts.
Commutation
It is the process of converting A.C generated voltage in the armature conductors to D.C for external load.
i) These are used for speed control of D.C motors over a large range. ii) These are used in areas where a wide range of terminal voltage is required
i) shunt generators :-
i) These are used as exciters for exciting the field of synchronous machines and separately excited D.C generators
ii) These are used for battery charging because its terminal voltage are almost constant or can be kept constant. iii) Commonly used in ordinary lighting purposes and power supply purposes.
i) ii) iii)
iv)
v)
ii) series generators:These are used for series arc lighting Series incandescent lighting As a series booster for increasing the voltage across the feeder to compensate the resistance drop of the line. because of their rising characteristic. Special purposes such as supplying the field current for regenerative breaking of D.C locomotives (railway service). Constant current for welding.
iii) compound generators:i) Compound generators are used where constant terminal voltages have to be maintained for different loading conditions. ii) Cumulatively compound generators:-These are for domestic lighting purposes and to transmit energy over long distance and for heavy power service such as electric railways. iii) Differential compound generator:- The use of this type of generators is very rare and it is used for special application like arc welding.
Armature windings
Armature windings
The total losses in a dc machine are 1.Cu losses 2.Iron losses 3.Mechanical losses Cupper losses are mainly due to the current passing through the winding. 1.Armature cu losses (30 to 40% of full load losses) Cu losses 2.Shunt field cu losses(20 to30% of full load losses) 3.Series field cu losses
Armature cu losses=Ia2 Ra Ra=Armature resistance Ia= Armature current
Hysteresis losses (Wh):The losses is due to the reversal of magnetisation of the armature core Every portion of the rating core passes under N and S poles alternately. There by attaining S and N polarity respectively. The core undergoes one complete cycle of magnetic reversal after passing under one pair of poles. P=No. of poles N= Armature speed in rpm frequency of magnetic reversals f=NP 120 The losses depends upon the volume and B max and frequency of reversals. Hysteresis losses is given by steinmetz formula
Mechanical losses ( 10 to 20% of full load losses) 1.Friction losses 2.Windage losses Friction losses:Frictional losses due to bearings Windage losses:- Windage losses due to air gap between armature and pole shoe
Stray losses(Rotational losses):magnetic losses and mechanical losses are collectively known as stray losses Losses are classified in to two types:i) Constant losses (standing losses)(Wc) --Field cu losses is constant --for shunt and compound generator are constant losses so, stray losses+ shunt cu losses are combined called constant losses ii) Variable losses:-The losses which varies with the load called variable losses -- Armature cu losses is know as variable losses -- In series generator shunt field cu losses also variable losses (IL=Ise=Ia) So, Total losses=Armature copper losses + WC =Ia2Ra+Wc=(I+Ish)2Ra+Wc Total losses=Variable losses+ Constant losses