DIGESTION AND NUTRITION.

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

All organism requires... ENERGY .

SUN ultimate source of energy for life on earth.

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

Autrophic

prototrophs chemotrophs

Heterotrophic

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

DIETARY HABITS: - Herbivorous - Omnivorous - Carnivorous - Saphrophagus

FEEDING MECHANISMS:

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

Few animals can absorb nutrients directly from their external environments. -Feeding on Particular Matter -Feeding on Food Masses -Feeding on Fluids

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

FEEDING MECHANISMS:
(Feeding on Particular matter)

Suspension feeder- aquatic organisms that collect suspended food particles from the surrounding water; particles are filtered(filter feeding) or taken by other methods.

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

FEEDING MECHANISMS:
(Feeding on Particular matter)

Deposit feeder- aquatic organisms that consume detritus and small organisms on soil or other sediments

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

FEEDING MECHANISMS:
(Feeding on Food Masses)

predators most locate, capture, hold and swallow prey. carnivorous animals seize food and swallow it while some employ toxins that paralyze or kill prey upon capture.

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

FEEDING MECHANISMS:
(Feeding on Food Masses)

fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles use their teeth to grip prey and prevent its escape until they can swallow it. birds lack teeth, nut their beaks are often provided with serrated edges, or upper beak is hooked for seizing and tearing prey.

Biting, cutting and stripping

Seizing, piercing, and tearing

Grinding and crushing

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

FEEDING MECHANISMS:
(Feeding on Fluids)

Fluid-feeding is especially characteristic of parasites. But it is practiced among many free-living forms as well.

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WHAT IS DIGESTION?

Purpose: reduce feed particles to molecules that can be absorbed into the blood Digestion is the process of breaking down food into simple substances that can be absorbed by the body. Absorption is the process of taking the digested parts of food into the bloodstream.

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

WHAT IS DIGESTION?

Mechanical breakdown of food

Chemical breakdown of food HCl in the stomach enzymes

Contractions of digestive tract

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

WHAT IS DIGESTION?
In

the mechanical phase, teeth or structures physically break down large pieces food into smaller pieces. In the chemical phase, digestive chemicals called enzymes break apart individual molecules of food .

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

TYPES OF DIGESTION
Intracellular

WHAT IS DIGESTION?
Digestion

The simplest invertebrates(animals without backbones)do not have specialized digestive organs. Single-celled organisms, such as amoebas, rely on intracellular digestion (digestion within the cell).

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

TYPES OF DIGESTION
Intracellular

WHAT IS DIGESTION?
Digestion

A food particle is enclosed within a food vacuole by phagocytosis Food wastes are simply extruded from the cell by exocytosis.

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

TYPES OF DIGESTION
Intracellular

WHAT IS DIGESTION?
Digestion

more complex organisms require systems that are more specialized. Animals such as jellyfish and nonparasitic flatworms combine the intracellular process with some specialized digestive organs.

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

TYPES OF DIGESTION
Extracellular

WHAT IS DIGESTION?
Digestion

Most of the more complex invertebrates and all vertebrates (animals with a backbone) digest food entirely through extracellular (digestion outside the cell) processes.

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

TYPES OF DIGESTION
Extracellular

WHAT IS DIGESTION?
Digestion

Food moves in one direction, from mouth to anus, through the series of organs that make up the alimentary canal.

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

TYPES OF DIGESTION
Extracellular

WHAT IS DIGESTION?
Digestion

Digestion is completed in the intestine . The liver and pancreas pour their digestive juices into the anterior end of this organ. After the anterior intestine absorbs the usable products of digestion, the walls of the posterior intestine absorb leftover water.

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

TYPES OF DIGESTION
Extracellular

WHAT IS DIGESTION?
Digestion

In vertebrates the anterior intestine is called the Small intestine ; the posterior intestine is the large intestine .Feces , composed of unabsorbed and indigestible food residues, form in the posterior intestine.

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

Animals classified by the type of stomach they have:
Monogastric

WHAT IS DIGESTION?
or non-ruminants

Ruminants Avian Pseudo-ruminant

DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

WHAT IS DIGESTION?
ANIMALS Monogastric(simple) one or simple stomach structure mostly carnivores and omnivores

MONOGASTRIC

Eg. Hogs, cat, dog

RUMINANT ANIMALS Ruminant (polygastric)- 4 compartment stomach with the compartments before the true stomach herbivores

Eg. Cattle, sheep, goat

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WHAT IS DIGESTION?
AVIAN

ANIMALS

is found in poultry ;differs greatly from any other type. Since a bird has no teeth, no chewing is involved. Eg. Chicken.

PSEUDO-ROMINANT An animal that eats large amounts of roughage but does not have a stomach with several compartments. can utilize roughages because of an enlarged cecum and large intestine. Eg. Horse

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
TYPES

OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Incomplete Type -when anus is absent, mouth serves for ingestion of food and egestion of waste materials Complete Type- mouth and anus are present; may be subdivided into the digestive tract, the digestive glands, and the accessory structures

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DIVISIONS

OF THE COMPLETE TYPE OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

I.

Coelom, Peritoneum, and Mesenteries

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Coelom

cavity containg the visceral organs Divided into:

a. small pericardial cavity contains the heart b. larger pleuro-peritoneal cavity which contains the rest of the visceral organs

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Peritoneum

connective tissue membrane that lines the coelom Types:

a. parietal peritoneum lines the body wall b. visceral peritoneum covers most visceral organs

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Mesenteries

-two layers of the peritoneum that suspends viscera from the dorsal body wall - name of organ they suspend

Omentum

-double membrane continuous with the mesenteries that connect the visceral organs with one another - also named after organ they connect.

II. Buccal Cavity

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
II.

Buccal cavity:

- large cavity exposed upon opening the mouth

Parts:

maxillary teeth in the upper jaw sticky tongue located at the floor of the cavity which captures food and passes it on the esophageal opening glottis slit-like opening to the respiratory system and is found at the region between the tongue and esophageal opening

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vocal

sacs where pair of slits lead to ; slits are located lateral to the glottis and near angle of jaw choanae or internal nares- pair of holes at the roof of the buccal cavity vomerine teeth- pair of v-shaped formations at the root of the mouth Eustachian tube opening or recess near the angle

III. Digestiv e tube:

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
III.

Digestive tube:

1.esophagus short tube connecting the oral cavity to the stomach 2. Stomach bag shaped muscle Parts of stomach: a. cardiac end anterior portion continuous with the esophagus b. pyloric end posterior portion continuous with the small intestine c. greater curvature outer curvature d. lesser curvature inner curvature e. rugae lines of the inner wall of the stomach

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3.

pyloric sphincter

constriction at the junction of the stomach and the small intestine 4. Small Intestine - digestive tube that has become the long coiled structure from the pylorus - where most chemical digestion and absorption occurs Has 2 regions: a. duodenum bends anteriorly from the pylorus and runs parallel to the stomach b. ileum longer and posterior

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5.

Large Intestine

- where digestive tube enlarges - further breakdown of undigested material by bacterial action and the absorption of water occur here 6. Cloaca short narrow tube which opens to the outside through the anus - urine and gametes also pass through the cloaca and anus

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Mesenteries found in digestive system
dorsal

mesentery digestive tube is suspended from the dorsal body mesogaster mesenteries in the stomach at its cardiac end mesentery proper or mesenterium suspends the ileum mesorectum suspends rectum

7. Spleen dark lymphoid organ lying within the fold of the mesorectum

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IV. The digestive glands: Liver- largest gland in the body -function: secretes bile, and monitor and controls the balance of the body by removing the toxins in the body. - Has three lobes: a left lobe subdivided into anterior and posterior lobules a small right lobe much reduced median lobe Gall bladder- stores the bile secreted by the liver Bile- emulsifies fat, neutralizes the acidic food entering the intestine and creates pH favorable for pancreatic and intestinal enzyme action. Pancreas- digestive gland and an endocrine gland

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
As

a digestive gland:

Secretes pancreatic juice which contains several enzymes for the chemical breakdown of food. These enzymes include lipase, deoxyribonuclease, amylase and carboxypeptidase As an endocrine gland: Secretes insulin Common Bile Duct- formed by the union of the cystic duct of the gall bladder, the hepatic duct, and the pancreatic ducts - Enters the anterior portion of the duodenum