LIGHT EMITTING

POLYMER
BY
LAVANYA VAISHNAVI D.A.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

SATHISHA N. HOD OF ECE,R.L.J.I.T
Need this report mail me
iam_ vaishnavi@yahoo.com

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AGENDA
Introduction
LEP
Construction and working
Ink jet printer
Active Matrix and passive Matrix
Basic principle and technology
Light emission
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applications
Future application
Conclusion
Bibliography.

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Introduction
After watching the breakfast news on TV,
you roll up the set like a large handkerchief,
and stuff it into your briefcase.
Somewhere in the Kargil sector, a platoon
commander of the Indian Army readies for
the regular satellite updates that will give
him the latest terrain pictures of the border
in his sector.
All these are possible using LEP

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LIGHT EMITTING POLYMER
Schematic of a 2-layer LEP:
1. Cathode (−), 2. Emissive Layer, 3.
Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer,
5. Anode (+)

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A voltage is applied across the LEP such
that the anode is positive with respect to
the cathode. This causes a current of
electrons to flow through the device from
cathode to anode.
Electrostatic forces bring the electrons
and the holes towards each other and
they recombine liberating light.
In organic semiconductors holes are
more mobile than electrons. The
recombination causes a drop in the
energy levels of electrons, accompanied
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CONSTRUCTION
Anode-Indium Tin
Oxide
Cathode- Aluminum
Polymer- poly
phenylene vinylene

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Light-emitting devices consist of emitting
layers sandwiched between a cathode and
an anode.
Single-layer devices typically work only
under a forward DC bias.
In order to manufacture the polymer, a
SPIN-COATING MACHINE is used.
The robot pours the plastic over the rotating
plate, which, evenly spreads the polymer on
the plate. This results in an extremely fine
layer of the thickness of 100 nanometers.
Once the polymer is evenly spread, it is
baked in an oven to evaporate any remnant
liquid
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INK JET PRINTING

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Use of inkjet printing for PLED
displays
This technique is now at the
forefront of developments in
digital electronic materials
deposition.
Red, green and blue polymer
solutions are jetted into well
defined areas with an angle of
flight deviation of less than 5º.
The film thickness uniformity may
have to be better than ±2 per
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Active matrix
Active Matrix LEP displays are much
more complex.
Because they have a cathode layer
that is an integrated back plane they
are able to produce very high
resolution images and handle large
amounts of data at one time.
This display quality is made possible
by polysilicone thin-film-transistors
which have very high current
carrying capability and switching
speed.
Because of these TFTs, active matrix
displays have the ability to control
each individual pixel independently.
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Passive matrix
Passive Matrix LEP displays are
the simplest form of LEP.
These displays are useful in
providing limited information
for devices such as cell phones,
wristwatches, and other simple
display applications. The
construction of these OLEDs is
based on a set “rib” pattern of
the cathode materials and
organic layers.
Drivers at the end of each row
or column control where the
voltage is supplied, and
subsequently which ribs
produce the image.

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BASIC PRINCIPLE AND
TECHNOLOGY

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The properties of the spherical s orbital and
bimodal p orbitals combine into four equal ,
unsymmetrical , tetrahedral oriented
hybridized sp3 orbitals. This is known as a
‘sigma’ bond

A conjugated ‘pi’ bond refers to a carbon

chain or ring whose bonds alternate
between single and double (or triple) bonds.
The bonding system tends to form stronger
bonds than might be first indicated by a
structure with single bonds

Unlike the ‘sigma’ bond electrons, which are

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LIGHT EMISSION
Electroluminescence :
The energy is released when an electron from
the conduction band falls into a hole in the
valence band.
The electronic device that accomplishes this
electron-hole interaction is that of a diode,
which consists of an n-type material (electron
rich) interfaced with p-type material (hole rich).
The mobility of electrons and holes are limited
to the linear or branched directions of the
molecule. The efficiency of electron/hole
transport between polymer molecules is also
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Electron and hole mobility occurs as a
‘hopping’ mechanism which is significant to
the practical development of organic
emitting devices.

PPV has a fully conjugated backbone as a

consequence the HIGHEST OCCUPIED
MOLECULAR ORBIT (HOMO)of the
macromolecule stretches across the entire
chain, this kind of situation is ideal for the
transport of charge; in simple terms,
electrons can simply "hop" from one π
orbital to the next since they are all linked.

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Figure demonstration of the full conjugation of π

The delocalized π electron clouds are colored

yellow.
PPV is a semiconductor. Semiconductors are so
called because they have conductivity that is
midway between that of a conductor and an
insulator.
Semi-conductors require modest amounts of
energy in order to carry a current, and are used
in technologies such as transistors, microchips
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 Band theory is used to explain the semi-conductance of
PPV.
 In a diatomic molecule, a molecular orbital (MO)
diagram can be drawn showing a single HOMO and
LUMO, corresponding to a low energy π orbital and a
high energy π* orbital.
 Every time an atom is added to the molecule a further
MO is added to the MO diagram. Thus for a PPV chain
which consists of ~1300 atoms involved in conjugation,
the LUMOs and HOMOs will be so numerous as to be
effectively continuous, this results in two bands, a
valence band (HOMOs, π orbitals) and a conduction
band (LUMOs, π* orbitals). PPV has a band gap of 2.2eV .
Figure shows a series of
orbital diagrams.

 HOMO- highest occupied molecular orbit

 LUMO-Lowest unoccupied molecular orbit

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• A diatomic molecule has a bonding and an
anti-bonding orbital, two atomic orbitals
gives two molecular orbitals..
• A single atom has one atomic obital
• A triatomic molecule has three molecular
orbitals, as before one bonding, one anti-
bonding, and in addition one non-bonding
orbital.
• Many atoms results in so many closely
spaced orbitals that they are effectively
continuous. The orbital sets are called
bands. In this case the bands are separated
by a band gap.
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ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Require only 3.3 volts and have lifetime of
more than 30,000 hours.
• Low power consumption.
• Self luminous.
• No viewing angle dependence
 OLED TVs are really thin - the Sony XEL-1 for
example is just 3mm thick. The new prototypes by
Sony are merely 0.3mm thick!
 OLEDs have a much better viewing angle - almost
180 degrees.

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DISADVANTAGES

Because they are made out of organic

compounds, some have a tendency to “die out”
before others.“ Reds and blues die first, leaving a
very green display”.
Red and green typically last between 10,000 and
40,000 hours, while blue compounds begin to die
at around 1,000 hours. Additionally, the
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Engineering and Production
As in any new technology cost is usually a
barrier to mainstream production.
Water is also a problem in which engineers
need to solve before LEPs can be mass
marketed. Because the organic compounds
are water soluble it is necessary to create a
sealant that will keep out all moisture but
still keep the capabilities that make LEPs so
advantageous.
 When these two hurdles can be overcome OLEDs
will become a very viable display alternative to
LCD, Plasma, and projection devices.

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APPLICATIONS
PHOTOVOLTAICS
PLED technology can be used in reverse, to
convert light into electricity. Devices which
convert light into electricity are called
photovoltaic (PV) devices, and are at the
heart of solar cells and light detectors.

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POLY LED TV
LEPs TVs are really thin - the Sony XEL-1 for
example is just 3mm thick. The new
prototypes by Sony are merely 0.3mm
thick!

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TRANSPARENT OLEDS
While there seem to be zero to few readily
available uses of transparent OLEDs
(TOLEDs) in the consumer market today,
the technology exists for wide spread use in
the future.

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FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

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NEWS AND INFORMATION
 Imagine a day when you
are reading a
newspaper that is
capable of showing
pictures and video, is
continuously updating
itself with the latest
news via Wi-Fi
connection, and is also
so thin and flexible that
you can roll it up and
put it in your backpack
or briefcase.
 “That day may someday
be a reality thanks to
OLED technology”
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ADVANCEMENTS IN THE HOME
 One of the many
possibilities is to replace
regular walls or windows
with similar sized OLED
installations which will
“lead to user-definable
window spaces".
 These walls will use
transparent OLEDs that
will make it possible to
have certain areas opaque
while other areas clear,
depending on what the
homeowner would like.
Additionally, “the wall can
be any color or design that
you want.

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OLED PASSPORT
Samsung SDI from
Germany have
designed the OLED
passport which is
claimed to be
completely
manipulation-proof.
The OLED display will
be able to display
both video and text
containing information
about the passport
holder.
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Conclusion
Organic electronics are already entering
commercial world. Multicolor automobile stereo
displays are now available from Pioneer Corp.,
of Tokyo.
Royal Philips Electronics, Amsterdam is gearing
up to produce PLED backlights to be used in
LCDs and organic ICs.
The first products using organic displays are
already in the market. And while it is always
difficult to predict when and what future
products will be introduced
The portable and light weight organic displays
will soon cover our walls replacing the bulky
and power hungry cathode ray tubes.
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Bibliography.
www. cdtltd.co.uk
www. research.philips.com
www. covion.com
www.ieee.com
D.Rwdinger, R.Farshchi and V.Subramanian.
“Inkjet passive component and plastic
substrate”. 2003 IEEE Device Research
conference digest pp.187-188, 2003
 Josephine B.Lee and Vivek Subramanian. “Ink
Jet Passive devices” 2003 IEEE Device
Research conference digest, 2003
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