CROSS TABULATION AND TEST OF INDEPENDENCE USING MINITAB AND SPSS

Zsuzsanna Kassai
25th May 2009 Yasar University, Turkey

TOPICS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Contingency tables, Pearsons Chi-square test, Likelihood ratio, Introduction to SPSS 13, Examples in SPSS 13, Introduction to MINITAB 14, Examples in MINITAB 14

CONTINGENCY TABLES I.
Each cell of the table represents a combination of a level on the row factor and a level on the column factor, so each case falls in one cell.

CONTINGENCY TABLES II.

count the number of cases falling in each cell,
and report the counts, and related statistics; used primarily to investigate the dependence of two categorical factors on each other.

PEARSONS CHI-SQUARE TEST

Formula of Pearsons chi-square test:

(Observedi j Modeli j ) 2 Modeli j

Formula for calculating the expected value: RowTotal i ColumnTotal j Modelij n

n is the total number of observations.

CALCULATING CHI-SQUARE TEST I.

Position Subordinate Manager Total Male 50 60 110 Female 50 40 90 Total 100 100 200
RowTotali

The degrees of freedom: (r-1) x (c-1) r is the number of rows and c is the number of columns. ColoumnTotali Here (2-1) x (2-1) = 1df.

The critical value for the chi-square distribution would be 3.84 by 1 df and p = 0.05.

CALCULATING CHI-SQUARE
TEST II.
ModelMale, Subo.
ModelMale, Man.

RTSubo. CTMale 100 110 55 n 200

RTMan. CTMale 100 110 55 n 200

ModelFemale, Subo.

RTSubo. CTFemale 100 90 45 n 200

ModelFemale, Man.

RTMan. CTFemale 100 90 45 n 200

CALCULATING CHI-SQUARE TEST III.

2 2 2 2 ( 50 55 ) ( 60 55 ) ( 50 45 ) ( 40 45 ) 2 55 55 45 45 (5) 2 52 52 (5) 2 55 55 45 45 0.455 0.455 0.556 0.556 2.022

Chicrit = 3.84 by 1 df and p = 0.05. Chicalc = 2.02

If Chicalc > Chicrit If Chicalc < Chicrit reject Ho accept Ho

The expected frequencies should be greater than 5. It is acceptable in larger contingency tables to have up to 20% of expected frequencies below 5. Nonetheless, in larger contingency tables, none of the expected frequencies should be below 1.

ASSUMPTIONS OF THE CHI-SQUARE TEST

THE LIKELIHOOD RATIO

An alternative to Pearsons chi-square is the likelihood ratio statistic. The formula is:
L 2 Observedij ln(
2

Observedi j Modelij

SPSS 13

THE START-UP WINDOW IN SPSS

VARIABLE VIEW IN SPSS

DATA VIEW IN SPSS

THE MOST IMPORTANT MENUS IN SPSS

File Edit View Data Transform Analyze
Compare Means, (t-tests, ANOVA), General Linear Model, Correlate, Regression,Classify (Cluster Analysis), Data Reduction (Factor Analysis),Descriptive Statistics, (Frequencies, Descriptive, Ratio, Crosstabs, etc.).

DIALOG BOX FOR CROSSTABS COMMAND IN SPSS

STATISTICAL OPTIONS FOR NOMINAL DATA IN SPSS

Chi-square,
Contingency coefficient,

Phi and Cramer's V,

Lambda, Uncertainty coefficient

STATISTICAL OPTIONS FOR ORDINAL DATA IN SPSS

Chi-square, Gamma, Somers' d, Kendall's tau-b, Kendall's tau-c

DIALOG BOX FOR CROSSTABS : CELL DISPLAY IN SPSS

EXAMPLES IN SPSS 13

MINITAB 14

WINDOWS OF MINITAB

THE MOST IMPORTANT MENUS IN MINITAB

File, Edit, Manip/Data, Calc, Graph, Stat:
Basic statistics, Regression, ANOVA, Multivariate (Principal components, Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Discriminant Analysis, ),Tables (Crosstabulation and Chi-square test), etc.

DIALOG BOX FOR CROSS TABULATION COMMAND IN MINITAB

CHI-SQUARE DIALOG BOX IN MINITAB

OTHER STATISTICS IN MINITAB

EXAMPLES IN MINITAB 14

Thank you for attention!