RESISTANCE AND IMMUNITY

Harpreet Kaur Lecturer, SNI, Kurali

DEFENCE MECHANISM

TYPES OF DEFENCE MECHANISMS

Non Specific Defence Mechanisms: First line of general defence They prevent the entry and minimise further passage of microbes and other foreign material into body

TYPES OF NON SPECIFIC DEFENCE MECHANISMS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Defence at body surfaces. Phagocytosis Natural antimicrobial substances The inflammatory response Immunological surveillance

1. Defence at body surfaces.

Healthy skin provide protective skin barrier. Few pathogens establish them on healthy skin. Mucus secrected by mucus membranes traps microbes and other foreign material on its sticky surface. Sebum and sweat contain antibacterial and antifungal substances.

1. Defence at body surfaces. Contd..

Hairs in the nose act as filter and cilia in respiratory tract moves mucus and inhaled foreign substances towards the throat. Then it is coughed up or swallowed. One way flow of urine from bladder minimizes the risk of infection

2. Phagocytosis(cell eating)
Phagocytic defence cells like macrophages and neutrophils migrate to sites of inflammation and infection. They release chemicals that attract them Phagocytes trap particles either by engulfing them or by extending long pseudopodia towards them, which grasp them and reel them in. They bind, engulf and digest foreign cells or particles.

2. Phagocytosis(cell eating) contd

After ingestion and digestion of an antigen, they act as antigen- presenting cells, displaying their antigen on their own cell surface to stimulate T- lymphocytes and activate immune system.

diagram

3. Natural antimicrobial substances

1. Hydrochloric acid: Present in hih concentation in gastric juice Kills the majority of ingested microbes. 2. Lysozyme: Small protein with antimicrobial properties present in granulocytes, tears, and other body secretions But not in sweat, urine and CSF

3. Natural antimicrobial substances contd

3. Antibodies: Present in nasal secretions and saliva and inactivate bacteria. 4. Saliva Secreted in mouth Washes away food debris which otherwise can lead to bacterial growth. Its slightly acid medium is antibacterial

3. Natural antimicrobial substances contd

5. Interferones: Chemicals produced by T-Lymphocytes and by cells that have been invaded by viruses Prevents viral replication within affected cells and spread of viruses to healthy cells.

3. Natural antimicrobial substances contd

6. Complement: Is a system of 20 proteins found in blood and tissues. Activated by the presence of immune complexes( ag and ab bound together) and by foreign sugars on bactrial cell walls. It: Binds to and damage bacterial cell walls, and destroy microbe

3. Natural antimicrobial substances contd

Binds to bacterial cell wall and stimulate phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages. Attract phagocytic cells like neutrophills into an area of infection

4. The Inflammatory Response

Physiological response to tissue damage Characteristic series of local changes. Appears when microbes overcome from other nonspecific defence mechanisms. Its purpose is protective i.e. to isolate, inactivate and remove both causative agent and damaged tissue so that healing takes place. Cardinal signs of inflammation are: redness, heat, swelling pain. Recognized by suffix itis

4. The Inflammatory Response contd

CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION