COMPASS SURVEYING

It is that kind of survey in which compass is used for making angular measurement of a traverse. In compass surveying to determine the direction of various survey lines of a traverse a compass is used to measure the angles which these lines make with magnetic meridian. However the process of chaining and offsetting is same as in chain surveying.

COMPASS SURVEYING
Suitability:
When survey is to be conducted along a long narrow strip like road, canal, railway. When area can not be divided in to triangles. When surveying is to be conducted across a jungle or in a dense forest. When area to be surveyed is hilly and chaining is difficult and liable to be erroneous.

COMPASS SURVEYING
This kind of survey is not suitable for areas which is full of magnetic rocks or iron ores or having high voltage electric lines.

COMPASS
It is a small instrument that consists of a magnetic needle, a graduated ring and a line of sight. When the line of sight is directed towards a particular line, the magnetic needle points towards the magnetic meridian and the angle between the line and the magnetic meridian is read on the graduated ring.

COMPASS

TYPES:
There are two types of compass:

1. Prismatic Compass
2. Surveyor's Compass

COMPASS

Prismatic Compass:

COMPASS

Working of Prismatic Compass:

Centring Levelling Observing Bearings

BEARING

Bearing of a Line: It is the horizontal angle which a line makes with some reference direction.

MERIDIAN

It is that reference direction from which bearing of any line is observed.

TYPES OF MERIDIANS

TRUE MERIDIAN

MAGNETIC MERIDIAN ARBITRARY MERIDIAN

TYPES OF MERIDIANS

TRUE MERIDIAN:

At a place, it is the direction indicated by an imaginary circle passing round the earth through the two geographical poles(North and South) and that point.

TYPES OF MERIDIANS

MAGNETIC MERIDIAN
It is the direction indicated by a freely suspended and properly balanced magnetic needle unaffected by the local attractive forces.

TYPES OF MERIDIANS
ARBITRARY OR ASSUMED MERIDIAN For small surveys, it is any convenient assumed direction.

TYPES OF BEARINGS

TRUE BEARING MAGNETIC BEARING

ARBITRARY BEARING

TYPES OF BEARINGS

TRUE BEARING

The angle which any line makes with the true meridian is termed as true bearing.
It is also known as azimuth.

TYPES OF BEARINGS

MAGNETIC BEARING:
The angle which any line makes with the magnetic meridian is termed as true bearing or simply bearing.

TYPES OF BEARINGS

ARBITRARY OR ASSUMED BEARING: The angle which any line makes with the arbitrary meridian is termed as true bearing or simply bearing.

DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS
The bearings are expressed in following two ways: 1. Whole Circle Bearings

2.

Quadrantal Bearings

DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS

Whole Circle Bearings: It is the horizontal angle which a line makes with the North direction of the meridian measured in clockwise direction having values varying upto 360o. A prismatic compass is used to measure this type of bearings.

DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS

QUADRANTAL BEARINGS:
It is the horizontal angle that a line makes with either North or South direction of the meridian whichever is nearer measured in clockwise or anticlockwise directions towards east or west of meridian having numerical value varying upto 90o. A surveyors compass is used to measure this type of bearing.

DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS

REDUCED BEARINGS (R. B.):

The value of W.C.B. observed when exceeds 90o is converted into corresponding bearings in the quadrantal system of bearings, which has same numerical values of the trigonometrical functions. These converted bearings are termed as reduced bearings.

DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS

REDUCED BEARINGS (R. B.):

Conversion of W. C. B. into corresponding R. B.

DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS FORE AND BACK BEARING:

The bearing of a line observed in the direction of progress of survey is known as fore bearing (F. B.) of the line; while observed in the opposite direction of the progress of survey is termed as back bearing (B. B.) of the line. Numerically, in WCB system the two bearings of the line differ by 180o and in quadrantal system it is same but having opposite cardinal points. Mathematically: FB = BB 180o

DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS

LOCAL ATTRAACTION Sometimes due to the presence of magnetic substances or electric current, the magnetic needle of the compass does not points towards the actual magnetic north or south. Therefore, it is said to be under the influence of external attractive forces. Such disturbing forces which prevents the magnetic needle to occupy its normal position are named as local attractive forces.

LOCAL ATTRAACTION

CAUSES:
Natural Causes like proximity to magnetic
rocks or iron ore.

Artificial causes like presence of steel

structures, railway lines, iron pies, current carrying wires, steel buttons, bunch of keys, use of iron ranging rods etc.

LOCAL ATTRACTION

DETECTION:
Local attraction at any particular place can be detected by observing both fore and back bearing of the survey line. If the difference of the two differ by 180o then there is no local attraction and if not then exist local attractive forces and either of the two will be affected by local attractive forces.

MAGNETIC DECLINATION

Barring a few places, the magnetic meridian does not coincide with the true meridian of that place. Therefore, the horizontal angle with which the magnetic meridian fails to coincide with true meridian at that particular place is termed as magnetic declination of that particular place.

MAGNETIC DECLINATION

If the magnetic needle is towards east of the true meridian, the magnetic declination is said to be east declination and if it towards west then the declination is termed as west declination.

MAGNETIC DECLINATION

CALCULATION OF BEARINGS:
True Bearing = Magnetic Bearing Magnetic Declination
Use +ve sign when magnetic declination is towards east otherwise use ve sign.

MAGNETIC DIP
Before magnetisation of the needle it remains in the horizontal position, but after magnetisation due to the influence of the earth it can not remain in horizontal position and one end of the needle remain deflected downward towards nearest magnetic pole i. e. in northern hemisphere, north end of the needle deflected downwards and vice versa. Therefore, the inclination of the magnetic needle with the horizontal in vertical plane is known as magnetic dip of the needle.

MAGNETIC DIP
The amount of magnetic dip varies from place to place on the earth surface. It depends upon the distance from the equator. Magnetic dip of the needle is zero at the equator and maximum 90o at the poles. To keep the magnetic needle in the horizontal position a brass weight, rider, is used at a suitable point over the higher end of the needle.

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