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Lecture - A definition
The art of transferring information from the teachers notes to students notes without it entering either ones mind.
Business Environment
1) Liberalization of economic policies worldwide (import-substitution vs. export-led strategies).
2) Changes in the technology paradigms/regimes.
Economic Liberalization 1
Greater role for private sector. Liberalization of trade and investment policies. International institutional mechanisms to reinforce liberalization trends (e.g. WTO, EU, bilateral agreements) Sectoral policies affecting innovation (e.g. Intellectual property rights, clinical trials, etc.)
Economic Liberalization 2
International standards setting (e.g. ITU, UN) facilitated flow of goods and services. Global harmonization of consumer preferences in some industries.
Technological changes 1
Changes in techno-economic paradigm Emergence of new science-based pervasive technologies Even old products incorporate new technologies Multi-disciplinary inputs for innovations
Technological changes 2
ICT as a driver and facilitator of globalization Companies that did incorporate new technologies faded away Learning-by-doing approach to Learning-by-training approach Vertical disintegration of value chains Divisibility of innovation processes
________________________________________________________________________ Molecular Validation Lead Lead Verification Clinical Target of Target Discovery Optimization in animal Candidate Identification models _______________________________________ _________________________________
Genomics
-honing in on genes & isolating new targets
Genetics
-positional cloning/ identification of disease relevant
UHTS
SAR
(ultra high -speed to throughput refine screening) -high volume, more targets,
Pharma PET/PDM
-efficacy and safety
Genotyping
-polymorphi sms & biomarkets
genes
lightening
fast identification of potential leads
____________________________________________________________________________
Post-Layout Verification
Global competition 1
Increased competition (more global competition in domestic markets also) Greater complexity in competition Oligopolistic competition in major industries Emergence of innovative small firms in niche areas
Global competition 2
Shorter product life cycles Technology becomes the key factor of competitiveness Increasing R&D costs Shortage of S&T skills in advanced countries. Access to global markets and resources
New Competitors
Entry of emerging economies as huge markets Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRICgroup of countries) as arbitrators of the global economic developments MNCs from the emerging economies Local availability of S&T skills Low costs of operations
Corporate responses
Rationalization of corporate structures: World/regional product mandates Global intra-organizational networks Global inter-organizational networks (including with universities)