EGR 334 Thermodynamics

Chapter 3: Section 11
Lecture 09:
Generalized Compressibility Chart
Quiz Today?
Todays main concepts:
Universal Gas Constant, R
Compressibility Factor, Z.
Be able to use the Generalized Compressibility to solve problems
Be able to use Z to determine if a gas can be considered to be an
ideal gas.
Be able to explain Equation of State
Reading Assignment:
Homework Assignment:
Read Chap 3: Sections 12-14
From Chap 3: 92, 93, 96, 99
Like c
p
and c
v
, todays topic is about compressible gases.
This method does not work for two phase mixtures such as
water/steam. It only applies to gases.
3
Limitation:
pv
Z
RT
=
where

absolute pressure
absolute temperature
molar specific volume
p
T
v
=
=
=
mol
f mol
8.314 kJ/kmol K
1.986 Btu/lb
1545 ft lb /lb
o
o
R R
R

and

Compressibility Factor, Z

Universal Gas Constant
4
Substance Chem. Formula R (kJ/kg-K) R(Btu/lm-R)
Air --- 0.2870 0.06855
Ammonia NH
3
0.4882 0.11662
Argon Ar 0.2082 0.04972
Carbon Dioxide CO
2
0.1889 0.04513
Carbon Monoxide CO 0.2968 0.07090
Helium He 2.0769 0.49613
Hydrogen H
2
4.1240 0.98512
Methane CH
4
0.5183 0.12382
Nitrogen N
2
0.2968 0.07090
Oxygen O
2
0.2598 0.06206
Water H
2
O 0.4614 0.11021
R can also be expresses on a per mole basis:
R
R
M
=
where M is the molecular weight (see Tables A-1 and A-1E)
5 Sec 3.11 : Compressibility
For low pressure gases it was noted from experiment that there
was a linear behavior between volume and pressure at constant
temperature.
The constant R is called the Universal Gas Constant.
Where does this constant come from?
and the limit as P0
then
R
T
Pv
P
=
0
lim
The ideal gas model assumes
low P
molecules are elastic spheres
no forces between molecules
6 Sec 3.11 : Compressibility
To compensate for non-ideal behavior we can use other equations of
state (EOS) or use compressibility
RT
Pv
Z =
Define the compressibility factor Z,
Z1 when
ideal gas
near critical point
T >> T
c
or (T > 2T
c
)
Step 1: Thus, analyze Z by first
looking at the reduced variables
C
R
C
R
T
T
T
P
P
P
=
=
P
c
= Critical Pressure

T
c
= Critical Pressure
Step 2: Using the reduced pressure, p
r
and reduced temperature, T
r

determine Z from the Generalized compressibility charts.
(see Figures A-1, A-2, and A-3 in appendix).
8
Step 3: Use Z to
a) state whether the substance behaves as an ideal gas, if Z 1
b) calculate the specific volume of the gas using
'
R
c
c
v
v
RT
p
=
v
v
M
=
The figures also lets you
directly read reduced
specific volume where
RT
v Z
p
=
where
R
R
M
=
9 Sec 3.11 : Compressibility
Summarize:
1) from given information,
calculate any two of these:
or
M
R
R =
R
C
p
p
p
=
R
C
T
T
T
=
'
R
c
c
v
v
RT
p
=
2) Using Figures A-1, A-2, and A-3,
read the value of Z
3) Calculate the missing property using
pv
Z
RT
=
pv
Z
RT
=
where
v
v
M
=
(Note: p
c
and T
c
can be found on
Tables A-1 and A-1E)
(Note: M for different gases can be found
on Table 3.1 on page 123.)
mol
f mol
8.314 kJ/kmol K
1.986 Btu/lb
1545 ft lb /lb
o
o
R R
R

10
Example: (3.95) A tank contains 2 m
3
of air at -93C and a gage
pressure of 1.4 MPa. Determine the mass of air, in kg. The local
atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
Sec 3.11 : Compressibility
V = 2 m
3

T = -93C
p
gage
= 1.4 MPa
p
atm
= 0.101 MPa
11
Example: (3.95) Determine the mass of air, in kg
Sec 3.11 : Compressibility
V = 2 m
3

T = -93C = 180 K
p

= p
gauge
+ p
atm
= 1.4 MPa + 0.101 MPa = 1.5 MPa = 15 bar
From Table A-1 (p. 816): For Air: 16) T
c
= 133 K p
c
= 37.7 bar

15
0.40
37.7
180
1.35
133
R
C
R
C
p
p
p
T
T
T
= = =
= = =
( )
V
m
p
pv
Z
RT RT
= =
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
2
5 3
15 10 2
1 1
61.1
1000 1
0.95 8.314 180
28.97
N
m
kJ kmol
kmol K
kg
m
kJ J
m kg
J N m
K

= =

Z=0.95

View
Compressibility Figure
( )
pV pV
m
R
ZRT
Z T
M
= =
12 Sec 3.11.4 : Equations of State & Sec 3.12 : Ideal Gas Model
Ideal Gas
pv RT =
Equations of State: Relate the state variables T, p, V
Alternate Expressions
pV mRT
pv mRT
=
=
When the gas follows the ideal gas law,
Z = 1
p << p
c
and / or T >> T
c
( ) T u u = and ( ) ( ) ( )
h h T u T pv u T RT = = + = +
13 Sec 3.11.4 : Equations of State & Sec 3.12 : Ideal Gas Model
Ideal Gas
pv RT =
Equations of State: Relate the state variables T, P, V
Van der Waals
( )
2
2
n a
p V nb nRT
V
| |
+ =
|
\ .
a attraction between particles

b volume of particles

RedlichKwong
Peng-Robinson
( )
m
m m
RT a
p
V b
TV V b
=

+
2 2
2
m m m
RT a
p
V b V bV b
o
=
+
virial
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
1 ..... Z B T p C T p D T p = + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
..... 1
3 2
+ + + + =
v
T D
v
T C
v
T B
Z

B Two molecule interactions

C Three molecule interactions

14
Example: (3.105) A tank contains 10 lb of air at 70F with a pressure of
30 psi. Determine the volume of the air, in ft
3
. Verify that ideal gas
behavior can be assumed for air under these conditions.
m = 10 lb
T = 70F
p = 30 psi

15
Example: (3.105) Determine the volume of the air, in ft
3
. Verify that
ideal gas behavior can be assumed for air under these conditions.
Sec 3.12 : Ideal Gas
m = 10 lb
T = 70F = 530R
p = 30 psi= 2.04 atm

For Air, (Table A-1E, p 864)
T
c
= 239 R and p
c
= 37.2 atm

2.04
0.055
37.2
530
2.22
239
R
C
R
C
p
p
p
T
T
T
= = =
= = =
Z= 1.0 (Figure A-1)

pv pV
Z
RT mRT
= =
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
1
3
144
1545
28.97
(10 )(1.0) / 530
65.4
(30 )
f
mol
mol
m
f
ft lb
lb R
lb
m
lb
lb
in
in ft
lb R
V ft

= =
View
Compressibility Figure
( )
R
M
mZ T
mZRT
V
p p
= =
16
Example 3:
Nitrogen gas is originally at p = 200 atm, T = 252.4 K.
It is cooled at constant volume to T = 189.3 K.
What is the pressure at the lower temperature?
SOLUTION:
From Table A-1 for Nitrogen p
cr
= 33.5 atm, T
cr
= 126.2 K

At State 1, p
r,1
= 200/33.5 = 5.97 and T
r,1
= 252.4/126.2 = 2.

According to compressibility factor chart , Z = 0.95 v
r'
= 0.34.

Following the constant v
r'
line until it intersects with the line at
T
r,2
= 189.3/126.2 = 1.5
gives
P
r,2
= 3.55.

Thus P
2
= 3.55 x 33.5 = 119 atm.

Since the chart shows Z drops down to around 0.8 at State 2, so it would not
be appropriate to treat it as an ideal gas law for this model.
End of Slides for Lecture 09
17