INJECTION OF HYDROGEN IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

030020017 ENDER AYDOMU 030020045 YKSEL CAN YABANSU

INDEX
USING HYDROGEN IN TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS HYDROGEN AS A FUEL IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES USING HYDROGEN AS A FUEL IN COMPRESSION IGNITION RECIPROCATING ENGINES 1 2 3

USING HYDROGEN AS A FUEL IN SPARK IGNITION (SI) RECIPROCATING ENGINES 4-5 INJECTION CHARACTERISTICS DRAWINGS 6-7 8-9-10

EXAMPLES
REFERENCES

11-12
13

INJECTION OF HYDROGEN IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

USING HYDROGEN IN TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
There are three methods of using hydrogen in transporation applications:internal combustion engines mechanically connected the axel, fuel cells to drive electric motors, and hybrids, which combine fuel cell batteries and combustion engines.

The first method may prove to be the most marketable of the three alternatives as converting internal combustion engines to hydrogen combustion requires only minor modifications.
In this presentation this first methods injection part will be discussed.

INJECTION OF HYDROGEN IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

HYDROGEN AS A FUEL IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
The use of hydrogen as a fuel in motor vehicles offers several advantages over traditional fossil fuels: There exists an unlimited supply of hydrogen -- hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and the tenth most abundant element on Earth. Hydrogen is renewable -- When hydrogen reacts with oxygen, the by-product is water (H2O), which can then be hydrolyzed (broken up into its component parts) to yield more hydrogen. Hydrogen is clean burning -- Unlike the burning of fossil fuels, hydrogen combustion does not produce any destructive environmental pollutants. Hydrogen weighs less and generates more power than hydrocarbon-based fuels. Hydrogen burns faster (and at a lower temperature) than conventional gasoline.

INJECTION OF HYDROGEN IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

USING HYDROGEN AS A FUEL IN COMPRESSION IGNITION RECIPROCATING ENGINES
The auto ignition temperature of diesel fuel,the predominant CI engine fuel is, 2510C.Meanwhile the auto ignition temperature of hydrogen is 5850C. A CI engine capable of auto ignition hydrogen would require an exponentially higher compression ratio than exist among conventional Diesel-cycle engines.A fuel injection system to overcome that cylinder pressure as the piston nears the top death center(TDC) would be extremely complex. As a result, virtually all hydrogen-fueled engines to date have been of the spark ignition(SI) type.

INJECTION OF HYDROGEN IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

USING HYDROGEN AS A FUEL IN SPARK IGNITION (SI) RECIPROCATING ENGINES
A hydrogen-fueled engine is estimated to be 15 percent less powerful than an equivalent-sized gasoline,using a common intake manifold for fuel and air, is typically even lower because of backfire and pre-ignition.Moreover, carburated/intake-port fueled engines permit gaseous hydrogen to displace part of the intake charge air, reducing ignition pressure. This loss, added to the losses of irregular combustion, translate to 20 percent less power developed by a carburated or intake-port-fueled engine ,as opposed to direct cylinder injection.

INJECTION OF HYDROGEN IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

USING HYDROGEN AS A FUEL IN SPARK IGNITION (SI) RECIPROCATING ENGINES
Hydrogen can be independently injectedinstead of aspirated with intake airat the bottom dead center(BDC) at the start of the compression stroke, but pre-ignition and powe loss still occur. Therefore, the most effective method incorporates hydrogen injection under high pressure as the compression stroke nears TDC(top dead center).The HP injection process prevents backfiring, pre-ignition and the attendant power loss. In many cases, the fuel/air mixing is the greatest challange to effective HP direct injection because the duration of the injection and mixing event is so brief before combustion occurs.Thermal efficiency,therefore does not greatly improve with HP direct injection over LP intake-port injection, but all other aspects of engine operation do improve,especially power output and smooth combustion.

INJECTION OF HYDROGEN IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES INJECTION CHARACTERISTICS INJECTION PRESSURE

When the injection pressure is rised, the power output will rise due to the higher amount of hydrogen in the engine(if injection durations are fixed).However, the possibilities of variations in injection pressure are limited according to the chosen means of storage of the hydrogen. When hydrogen is stored in liquid form, the pressure in the cyrogenic tanks is restricted. For this reason, a constant injection pressure of 3 bar was respected. In case of gaseous storage in pressurized form, it would be possible to vary the injection pressure according to the desired power output.

INJECTION OF HYDROGEN IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES INJECTION CHARACTERISTICS INJECTION TIMING

This parameter has a great impact in the lower range of engine loads and speeds. In this region, differences in power output, by varying the injection timing, of up to 20% are no exception. All optimum injections start before top dead center(TDC)(gas exchange), and should be advanced with speed increase.For example, during idling conditions (low speed) the injection starts at TDC and in high speed conditions the injection timing is advanced up to 1050 c.a.In the higher range of engine loads and speeds, the differences in power output are still noticeable but minimal.All injections should end before the inlet vslve closes. (950 c.a. after bottom dead center(BDC))

INJECTION OF HYDROGEN IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

DRAWINGS

INJECTION OF HYDROGEN IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

EXAMPLES
These are the pictures of BMW H2R that combusts hydrogen Technical spesifications: 6.0-liter, V-12 liquid-hydrogenpowered engine 232 horsepower Top speed over 187 mph (301 kph) Aluminum space-frame chassis (generates almost no interior vibration) Carbon-fiber-reinforced, Formula 1style body 0 to 62 mph (100 kph) in 6 seconds 3,440 pounds (1,560 kg) with full tank and driver 5.4 meters (17.7 feet) long, 2 meters (6.6 feet) wide

INJECTION OF HYDROGEN IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

EXAMPLES

REFERENCES

HYDROGEN FUELLED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ROGER SIERRENS, SEBASTIAN VERHELST,LABORATORY OF TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY, GHENT UNIVERSITY) ON-DEMAND HYDROGEN GENERATING SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT, PHASE I: TASK 5.0: Final Report (PREPEARED BY Seaworthy Systems, Inc.

P.O. Box 965 Essex, CT 06426)

HOW THE BMW H2R WORKS (http://auto.howstuffworks.com/bmw-h2r.htm/printable) FOSSIL FUEL AND SOCIETYS ENERGY ALTERNATIVES (JONATHAN SICK,NOVEMBER 23, 2001)