MATLAB for Engineering Applications

Ashok Krishnamurthy
Siddharth Samsi
Ohio Supercomputer Center
1224 Kinnear Road
Columbus, OH 43212
http://www.osc.edu/

2
Intro MATLAB
Table of Contents Day One
Overview
Basic Interfaces
Arrays, Matrices, Operators
Programming
Data I/O

3
Intro MATLAB
Table of Contents Day Two
Basic Data Analysis
Numerical Analysis
Graphics, Data Visualization, Movies
Inter-language Programming
Overview
5
Intro MATLAB
MATLAB
MATrix LABoratory

Powerful, extensible, highly integrated
computation, programming, visualization, and
simulation package

Widely used in engineering, mathematics, and
science

Why?
6
Intro MATLAB
MATLABs Appeal
Interactive code development proceeds
incrementally; excellent development and rapid
prototyping environment
Basic data element is the auto-indexed array
This allows quick solutions to problems that can
be formulated in vector or matrix form
Powerful GUI tools
Large collection of toolboxes: collections of topic-
related MATLAB functions that extend the core
functionality significantly

7
Intro MATLAB
MATLAB Toolboxes
Signal & Image Processing
Signal Processing
Image Processing
Communications
Frequency Domain System Identification
Higher-Order Spectral Analysis
System Identification
Wavelet
Filter Design

Control Design
Control System
Fuzzy Logic
Robust Control
-Analysis and Synthesis
Model Predictive Control

Math and Analysis
Optimization
Requirements Management Interface
Statistics
Neural Network
Symbolic/Extended Math
Partial Differential Equations
PLS Toolbox
Mapping
Spline

Data Acquisition and Import
Data Acquisition
Instrument Control
Excel Link
Portable Graph Object
8
Intro MATLAB
Toolboxes, Software, & Links
9
Intro MATLAB
MATLAB System
Language: arrays and matrices, control flow, I/O, data
structures, user-defined functions and scripts
Working Environment: editing, variable management,
importing and exporting data, debugging, profiling
Graphics system: 2D and 3D data visualization,
animation and custom GUI development
Mathematical Functions: basic (sum, sin,) to
advanced (fft, inv, Bessel functions, )
API: can use MATLAB with C, Fortran, and Java, in
either direction
10
Intro MATLAB
Online MATLAB Resources
www.mathworks.com/
www.mathtools.net/MATLAB
www.math.utah.edu/lab/ms/matlab/matlab.html
web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/software/matlab/
www/home.html
www.utexas.edu/its/rc/tutorials/matlab/
www.math.ufl.edu/help/matlab-tutorial/
www.indiana.edu/~statmath/math/matlab/links.html
www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/programs/matlab.html

11
Intro MATLAB
References
Mastering MATLAB 7, D. Hanselman and B. Littlefield,
Prentice Hall, 2004

Getting Started with MATLAB 7: A Quick Introduction
for Scientists and Engineers, R. Pratap, Oxford University
Press, 2005.
12
Intro MATLAB
Some More Resources

MATLAB Educational sites:
http://www.eece.maine.edu/mm/matweb.html

Yahoo! MATLAB Web site:
dir.yahoo.com/Science/mathematics/software/matlab/

Newsgroup: comp.soft-sys.matlab
Basic Interfaces
14
Intro MATLAB
Main MATLAB Interface
15
Intro MATLAB
Some MATLAB Development Windows
Command Window: where you enter commands
Command History: running history of commands which is
preserved across MATLAB sessions
Current directory: Default is $matlabroot/work
Workspace: GUI for viewing, loading and saving MATLAB
variables
Array Editor: GUI for viewing and/or modifying contents of
MATLAB variables (openvar varname or double-click the
arrays name in the Workspace)
Editor/Debugger: text editor, debugger; editor works with
file types in addition to .m (MATLAB m-files)
16
Intro MATLAB
MATLAB Editor Window
17
Intro MATLAB
MATLAB Help Window (Very Powerful)
18
Intro MATLAB
Command-Line Help : List of MATLAB Topics
>> help
HELP topics:

matlab\general - General purpose commands.
matlab\ops - Operators and special characters.
matlab\lang - Programming language constructs.
matlab\elmat - Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation.
matlab\elfun - Elementary math functions.
matlab\specfun - Specialized math functions.
matlab\matfun - Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra.
matlab\datafun - Data analysis and Fourier transforms.
matlab\polyfun - Interpolation and polynomials.
matlab\funfun - Function functions and ODE solvers.
matlab\sparfun - Sparse matrices.
matlab\scribe - Annotation and Plot Editing.
matlab\graph2d - Two dimensional graphs.
matlab\graph3d - Three dimensional graphs.
matlab\specgraph - Specialized graphs.
matlab\graphics - Handle Graphics.
etc...
19
Intro MATLAB
Command-Line Help : List of Topic Functions
>> help matfun
Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra.

Matrix analysis.
norm - Matrix or vector norm.
normest - Estimate the matrix 2-norm.
rank - Matrix rank.
det - Determinant.
trace - Sum of diagonal elements.
null - Null space.
orth - Orthogonalization.
rref - Reduced row echelon form.
subspace - Angle between two subspaces.

20
Intro MATLAB
Command-Line Help : Function Help
>> help det
DET Determinant.
DET(X) is the determinant of the square matrix X.

Use COND instead of DET to test for matrix
singularity.

See also cond.

Overloaded functions or methods (ones with the same
name in other directories)
help laurmat/det.m

Reference page in Help browser
doc det
21
Intro MATLAB
Keyword Search of Help Entries
>> lookfor who
newton.m: % inputs: 'x' is the number whose
square root we seek
testNewton.m: % inputs: 'x' is the number whose
square root we seek
WHO List current variables.
WHOS List current variables, long form.
TIMESTWO S-function whose output is two times its
input.

>> whos
Name Size Bytes Class Attributes
ans 1x1 8 double
fid 1x1 8 double
i 1x1 8 double
22
Intro MATLAB
startup.m
Customize MATLABs start-up behavior
Create startup.m file and place in:

Windows: $matlabroot\work
UNIX: directory where matlab command is issued

My startup.m file:

addpath e:\download\MatlabMPI\src
addpath e:\download\MatlabMPI\examples
addpath .\MatMPI
format short g
format compact eliminates extra blank lines in output
Variables (Arrays) and Operators
24
Intro MATLAB
Variable Basics
no declarations needed
mixed data types
semi-colon suppresses output of
the calculations result
>> 16 + 24
ans =
40

>> product = 16 * 23.24
product =
371.84

>> product = 16 *555.24;
>> product
product =
8883.8
25
Intro MATLAB
Variable Basics
complex numbers (i or j) require
no special handling
clear removes all variables;
clear x y removes only x and y
save/load are used to
retain/restore workspace variables
>> clear
>> product = 2 * 3^3;
>> comp_sum = (2 + 3i) + (2 - 3i);
>> show_i = i^2;
>> save three_things
>> clear
>> load three_things
>> who
Your variables are:
comp_sum product show_i
>> product
product =
54
>> show_i
show_i =
-1
use home to clear screen and put
cursor at the top of the screen
26
Intro MATLAB
MATLAB Data

The basic data type used in MATLAB is the double precision array

No declarations needed: MATLAB automatically allocates required memory

Resize arrays dynamically

To reuse a variable name, simply use it in the left hand side
of an assignment statement

MATLAB displays results in scientific notation
o Use File/Preferences and/or format function to change default
short (5 digits), long (16 digits)
format short g; format compact (my preference)
27
Intro MATLAB
Variables Revisited

Variable names are case sensitive and over-written when re-used

Basic variable class: Auto-Indexed Array
Allows use of entire arrays (scalar, 1-D, 2-D, etc) as
operands
Vectorization: Always use array operands to get best
performance (see next slide)

Terminology: scalar (1 x 1 array), vector (1 x N array), matrix
(M x N array)

Special variables/functions: ans, pi, eps, inf, NaN, i,
nargin, nargout, varargin, varargout, ...

Commands who (terse output) and whos (verbose output) show
variables in Workspace
28
Intro MATLAB
Vectorization Example*
>> type slow.m
tic;
x=0.1;
for k=1:199901
y(k)=besselj(3,x) +
log(x);
x=x+0.001;
end
toc;
>> slow
Elapsed time is 17.092999
seconds.

*times measured on this laptop
>> type fast.m
tic;
x=0.1:0.001:200;
y=besselj(3,x) + log(x);
toc;
>> fast
Elapsed time is 0.551970
seconds.

Roughly 31 times faster
without use of for loop
29
Intro MATLAB
Matrices: Magic Squares
This matrix is called a
magic square
Interestingly,
Durer also dated
this engraving by
placing 15 and 14
side-by-side in
the magic square.
30
Intro MATLAB
Durers Matrix: Creation
durer1N2row = [16 3 2 13; 5 10 11
8];
durer3row = [9 6 7 12];
durer4row = [4 15 14 1];
durerBy4 =
[durer1N2row;durer3row;durer4row];
durerBy4

durerBy4 =

16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1
31
Intro MATLAB
Easier Way...
durerBy4 =
16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1

durerBy4r2 = [16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1]
durerBy4r2 =

16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1
32
Intro MATLAB
Multidimensional Arrays
>> r = randn(2,3,4) % create a 3 dimensional array filled with
normally distributed random numbers
r(:,:,1) =
-0.6918 1.2540 -1.4410
0.8580 -1.5937 0.5711
r(:,:,2) =
-0.3999 0.8156 1.2902
0.6900 0.7119 0.6686
r(:,:,3) =
1.1908 -0.0198 -1.6041
-1.2025 -0.1567 0.2573
r(:,:,4) =
-1.0565 -0.8051 0.2193
1.4151 0.5287 -0.9219
randn(2,3,4): 3 dimensions, filled with
normally distributed random numbers
% sign precedes comments, MATLAB
ignores the rest of the line
33
Intro MATLAB
Character Strings

>> hi = ' hello';
>> class = 'MATLAB';
>> hi
hi =
hello
>> class
class =
MATLAB
>> greetings = [hi class]
greetings =
helloMATLAB
>> vgreetings = [hi;class]
vgreetings =
hello
MATLAB
semi-colon: join vertically
concatenation with blank or with ,
34
Intro MATLAB
Character Strings as Arrays
>> greetings
greetings =
helloMATLAB
>> vgreetings = [hi;class]
vgreetings =
hello
MATLAB
>> hi = 'hello'
hi =
hello
>> vgreetings = [hi;class]
??? Error using ==> vertcat
CAT arguments dimensions are not consistent.
note deleted space at
beginning of word;
results in error
35
Intro MATLAB
yo =
Hello
Class

>> ischar(yo)
ans =
1

>> strcmp(yo,yo)
ans =
1
String Functions
returns 1 if argument is a character
array and 0 otherwise
returns 1 if string arguments are the
same and 0 otherwise; strcmpi ignores case
36
Intro MATLAB
Set Functions
Arrays are ordered sets:

>> a = [1 2 3 4 5]
a =
1 2 3 4 5
>> b = [3 4 5 6 7]
b =
3 4 5 6 7

>> isequal(a,b)
ans =
0
>> ismember(a,b)
ans =
0 0 1 1 1
returns true (1) if arrays are the same
size and have the same values
returns 1 where a is in b
and 0 otherwise
37
Intro MATLAB

>> durer = [16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1]

durer =
16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1

>> % durer's matrix is "magic" in that all rows, columns,
>> % and main diagonals sum to the same number
>> column_sum = sum(durer) % MATLAB operates column-wise

column_sum =
34 34 34 34
Matrix Operations
MATLAB also has
magic(N) (N > 2)
function
38
Intro MATLAB
Transpose Operator
>> % to get the row sums, we'll use the transpose operator
>> % (an apostrophe)

>> durer'
ans =
16 5 9 4
3 10 6 15
2 11 7 14
13 8 12 1

>> row_sums = sum(durer')'
row_sums =
34
34
34
34
39
Intro MATLAB
Diagonal Elements

>> durer
durer =
16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1

>> diag(durer) % diag plucks out the diagonal elements
ans =
16
10
7
1

>> sum(diag(durer))
ans =
34
40
Intro MATLAB
The Other Diagonal
>> durer
durer =
16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1

>> fliplr(durer) % flip left-right
ans =
13 2 3 16
8 11 10 5
12 7 6 9
1 14 15 4
>> sum(diag(fliplr(durer)))
ans =
34
41
Intro MATLAB
Matrix Subscripting
>> durer
durer =
16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1

>> diag_sum = durer(1,1) + durer(2,2) + durer(3,3)
diag_sum =
33
>> durer(4,4) = pi
durer =
16.0000 3.0000 2.0000 13.0000
5.0000 10.0000 11.0000 8.0000
9.0000 6.0000 7.0000 12.0000
4.0000 15.0000 14.0000 3.1416

>> durer(4,4) = 1
42
Intro MATLAB
Colon Operator (Vector Creation)

>> 1:5 % use the colon operator to create row vectors
ans =
1 2 3 4 5


>> 1:0.9:6 % you can vary the increment (0.9 in this
case)
ans =
1.0000 1.9000 2.8000 3.7000 4.6000
5.5000

The last element is always less than or equal to the upper
limit
43
Intro MATLAB
Colon Operator (Indexing)
>> sum(durer(1:3,4)) % sums first three
% elements of column 4
ans =
33


>> sum(durer(:,end)) % a lone colon is ALL
% elements, end is
% the last element
ans =
34
44
Intro MATLAB
The Dot Operator
By default and whenever possible MATLAB will
perform true matrix operations (+ - *). The
operands in every arithmetic expression are
considered to be matrices.
If, on the other hand, the user wants the scalar
version of an operation a dot must be put in front
of the operator, e.g., .*. Matrices can still be the
operands but the mathematical calculations will be
performed element-by-element.
A comparison of matrix multiplication and scalar
multiplication is shown on the next slide.
45
Intro MATLAB
Dot Operator Example
>> A = [1 5 6; 11 9 8; 2 34 78]
A =
1 5 6
11 9 8
2 34 78
>> B = [16 4 23; 8 123 86; 67 259 5]
B =
16 4 23
8 123 86
67 259 5
46
Intro MATLAB
Dot Operator Example (cont.)
>> C = A * B % normal matrix multiply
C =
458 2173 483
784 3223 1067
5530 24392 3360

>> CDOT = A .* B % element-by-element
CDOT =
16 20 138
88 1107 688
134 8806 390


47
Intro MATLAB
Two Division Operators
Right divide (familiar version) a/b
What happens: a is divided by b
Right operand goes into left operand
Left divide a\b
What happens: b is divided by a
Left operand goes into right operand
Behavior depends on operands (scalar vs. matrix)

Both operators work with matrices (of course). More
later on what is actually calculated
Comparison of the use of / and \ on next slide
48
Intro MATLAB
Using the Division Operators
>> x = 53.0;
>> y = 22.5;

>> x/y

ans = 2.3556

>> x\y

ans = 0.4245

>> (x/y)^(-1)

ans = 0.4245
For matrix operands, A\B is the solution to
Ax = B obtained by Gaussian elimination.

Read Arithmetic Operators + - * / \ ^
in MATLAB Function Reference:
Help Search for: division
49
Intro MATLAB
Easy 2-D Graphics
>> x = [0: pi/100: pi]; % [start: increment: end]
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y), title('Simple Plot')
50
Intro MATLAB
Adding Another Curve
Line color, style, marker type,
all within single quotes; type
>> doc LineSpec
for all available line properties
>> z = cos(x);
>> plot(x,y,'g.',x,z,'b-.'),title('More complicated')
51
Intro MATLAB
Lab 1
Create a row vector called X whose elements are the integers 1 through 9.
Create another row vector called Temp whose elements are:
15.6 17.5 36.6 43.8 58.2 61.6 64.2 70.4 98.8
These data are the result of an experiment on heat conduction through an iron bar.
The array X contains positions on the bar where temperature measurements were
made. The array Temp contains the corresponding temperatures.
Make a 2-D plot with temperature on the y-axis and position on the x-axis.
The data shown in your plot should lie along a straight line (according to physics)
but dont because of measurement errors. Use the MATLAB polyfit function to
fit the best line to the data (use >> hold on; for multiple plots in same figure). In
other words use polyfit to determine the coefficients a and b of the equation
T = ax + b
Lastly, we can calculate a parameter called chi-square (
2
) that is a measure of
how well the data fits the line. Calculate chi-square by running the MATLAB
command that does the following matrix multiplication:
>> (Temp-b-a*X)*(Temp-b-a*X)'

52
Intro MATLAB
Lab 2
Write a MATLAB command that will generate a column vector called
theta. theta should have values from 2 to 2 in steps of /100.
Generate a matrix F that contains values of the following functions in
the columns indicated:
Column 1: cos()
Column 2: cos(2)(1 + sin(
2
)
Column 3: e
-0.1||
Evaluate each of the above functions for the values in the theta
vector from above.
Plot each of the columns of F against theta. Overlay the three plots,
using a different color for each.
Create a new column vector called maxVect that contains the largest
of the three functions above for each theta. Plot maxVect against
theta.
Create a column vector called maxIndex that has the column number
of the maximum value in that row.
Programming
54
Intro MATLAB
MATLAB m-file Editor
To start: click icon or enter edit command in
Command Window, e.g., >> edit test.m
Scripts and Functions
Decision Making/Looping
if/else
switch
for and while
Running Operating System Commands
Outline
55
Intro MATLAB
You can save and run the
file/function/script in one
step by clicking here
Tip: semi-colons suppress printing, commas (and semi-
colons) allow multiple commands on one line, and 3 dots
() allow continuation of lines without execution
m-file Editor Window
56
Intro MATLAB
Scripts and Functions
Scripts do not accept input arguments, nor do they
produce output arguments. Scripts are simply MATLAB
commands written into a file. They operate on the
existing workspace.
Functions accept input arguments and produce output
variables. All internal variables are local to the function
and commands operate on the function workspace.
A file containing a script or function is called an m-file
If duplicate functions (names) exist, the first in the
search path (from path command) is executed.
57
Intro MATLAB
function [a b c] = myfun(x, y)
b = x * y; a = 100; c = x.^2;

>> myfun(2,3) % called with zero outputs
ans =
100
>> u = myfun(2,3) % called with one output
u =
100
>> [u v w] = myfun(2,3) % called with all outputs
u =
100
v =
6
w =
4
Functions First Example
Write these two lines to a file myfun.m
and save it on MATLABs path
Any return value which is not stored in
an output variable is simply discarded
58
Intro MATLAB
Example: deLaunay Triangulation
Have a set of random (x,y) points and want to connect
them together to make a triangular grid

The deLaunay algorithm creates a set of triangles such
that no (other) data points are contained within the area
or perimeter of any given triangle.
Creates an orthogonal set of triangles
The resulting grid is useful as a coordinate system

Used in scatter pattern analysis:
Position of debris resulting from an explosion
Establish properties of the explosion: its original location,
strength, parts specifications,
59
Intro MATLAB
Interactive Session
>> x = randn(1,12); % generates 12 normally distributed numbers
>> y = randn(1,12);
>> z = zeros(1,12); % trimesh (used below) needs three arguments
>> plot(x,y,'o');
>> tri = delaunay(x,y);
>> hold on, trimesh(tri,x,y,z), hold off; % plot triangles
>> hidden off %reveal all hidden points
>> title(deLaunay Triangulation')
60
Intro MATLAB
MATLAB script: mydelaunay.m
% deLaunay triangulation
% ----------------------
% You must have variables x, y, and z instanced
% in the workspace
plot(x,y,'o');
tri = delaunay(x,y);
hold on, trimesh(tri,x,y,z), hold off; % plot triangles
hidden off % reveal all hidden points!
title(deLaunay triangulation')
61
Intro MATLAB
Using the mydelaunay script
>> x = randn(1,12); % generates 12 normally distributed numbers
>> y = randn(1,12);
>> z = zeros(1,12); % trimesh (used below) needs three arguments
>> mydelaunay
62
Intro MATLAB
Function: Header/Help Comments
function angles = ortho(a,b,c)
%ortho function input: Three vectors each with 3 elements
% The output is a 3-element array containing the
% angles between each pair of input vectors. The
% output elements are respectively:
% angle between a and b
% angle between b and c
% angle between a and c
% Typical use or ortho is to determine if a,b,c form an
% orthogonal basis set that spans 3-D space.

All initial comment lines are displayed when help is used on a function
NOTE: This function should be saved in a file named ortho.m


H1 (help 1) line displayed
when using lookfor
63
Intro MATLAB
Function: Body
anorm = norm(a); % Local Variables
bnorm = norm(b); % Calculate vector lengths
cnorm = norm(c);
ab = dot(a,b); % Calculate Dot Products
bc = dot(b,c);
ac = dot(a,c);
cosy_ab = ab/(anorm*bnorm); % Calculate cosine of
cosy_bc = bc/(bnorm*cnorm); % included angles
cosy_ac = ac/(anorm*cnorm);
angles(1) = convert2deg(acos(cosy_ab)); % Create output
angles(2) = convert2deg(acos(cosy_bc));
angles(3) = convert2deg(acos(cosy_ac));
return

64
Intro MATLAB
Using Your ortho Function
>> a = [1 2 3];
>> b = [4 5 6];
>> c = [7 8 9];
>> ortho(a,b,c)
ans =
12.9332 3.4470 16.3801
>> a = [22 0 0];
>> b = [0 5 0];
>> c = [0 0 13];
>> ortho(a,b,c)
ans =
90 90 90

65
Intro MATLAB
Getting ortho Function Help
>> help ortho
ortho function input: Three vectors each with 3 elements
The output is a 3-element array containing the angles
between each pair of input vectors. The output
elements are respectively:
angle between a and b
angle between b and c
angle between a and c
Typical use or ortho is to determine if a,b,c form an
orthogonal basis set that spans 3-D space.

>> help sin
SIN Sine.
SIN(X) is the sine of the elements of X.

See also asin, sind.

66
Intro MATLAB
Function Syntax Summary

If the m-file name and function name differ, the file
name takes precedence

Function names must begin with a letter

First line must contain function followed by the most
general calling syntax

Statements after initial contiguous comments (help lines)
are the body of the function

Terminates on the last line or a return statement


67
Intro MATLAB
Function Syntax Summary (cont.)

error and warning can be used to test and continue
execution (error-handling)

Scripts called in m-file functions are evaluated in the
function workspace

Additional functions (subfunctions) can be included in an
m-file

Use which command to determine precedence, e.g.,

>> which title
C:\MATLAB71\toolbox\matlab\graph2d\title
68
Intro MATLAB
Variable Argument Lists
varargin / varargout allow variable numbers of
input / output function arguments

Used only inside function m-files

Must be declared as the last input / output argument

Declarations must be typed in lowercase

69
Intro MATLAB
Variable Argument Lists (cont.)
Consider the following function m-file:

function myplot(x, varargin)
plot(x, varargin{:})

All input arguments beginning with the second one are
collected into the variable varargin so the function
call:

myplot(x.^2,'color',[.5 .7 .3],'linestyle',o)

results in varargin being a 1-by-4 cell array with the
values color, [.5 .7 .3], linestyle and o
70
Intro MATLAB
Variable Argument Lists (cont.)
Consider the m-file:
function [s, varargout] = mysize(x)
nout = max(nargout,1) - 1;
s = size(x);
for k = 1:nout, varargout(k) = {s(k)}; end

The following
>> [s,rows,cols] = mysize(rand(4,5))
returns
s = [4 5], rows = 4, cols = 5
pack all output values
into varargout cell array
nargout: number of output
arguments in function call
71
Intro MATLAB
if/elseif/else Statement
>> A = 2; B = 3;
>> if A > B
'A is bigger'
elseif A < B
'B is bigger'
elseif A == B
'A equals B'
else
error('Something odd is happening')
end
ans =
B is bigger
72
Intro MATLAB
switch Statement
>> n = 8
n =
8
>> switch(rem(n,3))
case 0
m = 'no remainder'
case 1
m = the remainder is one'
case 2
m = the remainder is two'
otherwise
error('not possible')
end
m =
the remainder is two
73
Intro MATLAB
for Loop
>> for i = 2:5
for j = 3:6
a(i,j) = (i + j)^2
end
end
>> a
a =
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 25 36 49 64
0 0 36 49 64 81
0 0 49 64 81 100
0 0 64 81 100 121
74
Intro MATLAB
while Loop
>> b = 4; a = 2.1; count = 0;
>> while b - a > 0.01
a = a + 0.001;
count = count + 1;
end
>> count
count =
1891
75
Intro MATLAB
A Performance Tip
Input variables are not copied into the function
workspace, unless

If any input variables are changed, the variable will
be copied

Avoid performance penalty when using large arrays
by extracting only those elements that will need
modification
76
Intro MATLAB
MATLABs Search Path
Is name a variable?
Is name a built-in function?
Does name exist in the current directory?
Does name exist anywhere in the search path?
Discovery functions: who, whos, what, which,
exist, help, doc, lookfor, dir, ls, ...
77
Intro MATLAB
Changing the Search Path
The addpath command adds directories to the MATLAB search
path. The specified directories are added to the beginning of the
search path.
rmpath is used to remove paths from the search path
>> path

MATLABPATH

E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work
E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\f_funcs
E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\na_funcs
E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\na_scripts
E:\MATLAB\R2006b\toolbox\matlab\general
E:\MATLAB\R2006b\toolbox\matlab\ops
>> addpath('c:\');
>> matlabpath

MATLABPATH
c:\
E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work
E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\f_funcs
E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\na_funcs
E:\MATLAB\R2006b\work\na_scripts
E:\MATLAB\R2006b\toolbox\matlab\general
E:\MATLAB\R2006b\toolbox\matlab\ops

78
Intro MATLAB
Common OS Commands
ls / dir provide a directory listing of the current directory
pwd shows the current directory
>> ls

. .. sample.m

>>
>> pwd
ans =
e:\Program Files\MATLAB\R2006b\work
>>
79
Intro MATLAB
Running OS Commands
The system command can be used to run OS commands
On Unix systems, the unix command can be used as well
On DOS systems, the corresponding command is dos
>> dos('date')
The current date is: Thu 01/04/2007
Enter the new date: (mm-dd-yy)

ans =
0
80
Intro MATLAB
Lab 1
Create, perhaps using for-loops, a synthetic image that
has a 1 in the (1,1) location, and a 255 in the (128,128)
location, and i + j - 1 in the i, j location. This we'll refer to as
the diagonal gray'' image. Can you manage to do this without
using for-loops?
Display the image using (well assume you placed your image
in a matrix named a) image(a); colormap(gray). (Dont
worry if this doesnt work exactly the way you expect.
Colormaps can be tricky!)
Now convert your code to a MATLAB script
Test your script to insure that it produces the same results as
the ones obtained interactively.
81
Intro MATLAB
Lab 2
Write a MATLAB function that implements Newtons iterative algorithm for
approximating the square root of a number.
The core of Newtons algorithm is that if last is the last approximation
calculated, the next (improved) approximation is given by
next = 0.5(last +(x/last))
where x is the number whose square root you seek.
Two other pieces of information are needed to implement the algorithm.
The first is an initial guess at the square root. (A typical starting value might
be 1.0, say). The second is the accuracy required for the approximation.
You might specify you want to keep iterating until you get an approximation
that is good to 5 decimal places for example.
Your MATLAB function should have three input arguments: x, the initial
guess, and the accuracy desired. It should have one output, the
approximate square root of x to the desired accuracy.
Data I/O
83
Intro MATLAB
Loading and Saving Workspace Variables
MATLAB can load and save data in .MAT format

.MAT files are binary files that can be transferred across platforms;
as much accuracy as possible is preserved.

Load: load filename OR A = load(filename)
loads all the variables in the specified file (the default name is
MATLAB.MAT)

Save: save filename variables
saves the specified variables (all variables by default) in the
specified file (the default name is MATLAB.MAT)
84
Intro MATLAB
ASCII File Read/Write
load and save can also read and write ASCII files with
rows of space separated values:

load test.dat ascii

save filename variables
(options are ascii, double, tabs, append)

save example.dat myvar1 myvar2 -ascii -double

85
Intro MATLAB
ASCII File Read/Write (cont.)
dlmread
M = dlmread(filename,delimiter,range);
reads ASCII values in file filename that are separated by
delimiter into variable M; most useful for numerical values. The
last value in a line need not have the delimiter following it.
range = [R1 C1 R2 C2] (upper-left to lower-right corner)

dlmwrite
dlmwrite(filename,A,delimiter);
writes ASCII values in array A to file filename with values
separated by delimiter

Useful with spreadsheet data
range of data to be read
86
Intro MATLAB
More ASCII File Read
textread
[A, B, C, ...] = textread[filename, format];
[A, B, C, ...] = textread[filename, format, N];
[...] = textread[..., param, value, ...];

The type of each return argument is given by format (C-style
conversion specifiers: %d, %f, %c, %s, etc)
Number of return arguments must match number of conversion
specifiers in format
format string is reused N times or entire file is read if N not given
Using textread you can
specify values for whitespace, delimiters and exponent characters
specify a format string to skip over literals or ignore fields
87
Intro MATLAB
textread Example
Data file,
tab delimited:
MATLAB
m-file:
Results:
param,value pairs
use doc textread for
available param options
88
Intro MATLAB
Import Wizard
Import ASCII and binary files using the Import Wizard. Type uiimport at
the Command line or choose Import Data from the File menu.
89
Intro MATLAB
Low-Level File I/O Functions

File Opening and Closing
fclose: Close one or more open files
fopen: Open a file or obtain information about open files
Unformatted I/O
fread: Read binary data from file
fwrite: Write binary data to a file
Formatted I/O
fgetl: Return the next line of a file as a string
without line terminator(s)
fgets: Return the next line of a file as a string with line
terminator(s)
fprintf: Write formatted data to file
fscanf: Read formatted data from file


90
Intro MATLAB
Low-Level File I/O (cont.)

File Positioning
feof: Test for end-of-file
ferror: Query MATLAB about errors in file input
or output
frewind: Rewind an open file
fseek: Set file position indicator
ftell: Get file position indicator

String Conversion
sprintf: Write formatted data to a string
sscanf: Read string under format control

91
Intro MATLAB
File Open (fopen)/Close (fclose)
fid = fopen(filename, permission);





status = fclose(fid);
File
identifier
number
Name of
file
Permission
requested:
r, r+
w, w+
a, a+
0, if successful
-1, otherwise
File identifier number
or all for all files
92
Intro MATLAB
Formatted I/O
fscanf: [A, count] = fscanf(fid,format,size);




fprintf: count = fprintf(fid, format, A,...);
Data
array
Number
successfully
read
File
identifier
number
Amount of
data to read:
n, [n, m], Inf
Format
specifier
Number
successfully
read
File
identifier
number
Format
specifier
Data
array(s) to
write
fscanf and fprintf are similar to C version but vectorized
93
Intro MATLAB
Format String Specification





%-12.5e
initial %
character
width and
precision
conversion
specifier
alignment flag
Specifier Description
%c Single character
%d Decimal notation (signed)
%e Exponential notation
%f Fixed-point notation
%g The more compact of %e or %f
%o Octal notation (unsigned)
%s String of characters
%u Decimal notation (unsigned)
%x Hexadecimal notation
...others...
94
Intro MATLAB
Other Formatted I/O Commands
fgetl: line = fgetl(fid);
reads next line from file without line terminator

fgets: line = fgets(fid);
reads next line from file with line terminator

textread: [A,B,C,...] = textread('filename','format',N)
reads N lines of formatted text from file filename

sscanf: A = sscanf(s, format, size);
reads string under format control

sprintf: s = sprintf(format, A);
writes formatted data to a string
95
Intro MATLAB
Binary File I/O
[data, count] = fread(fid, num, precision);




count = fwrite(fid, data, precision);

Data
array
Number
successfully
read
File
identifier
number
Amount to read
n, [n, m],...
int, double,
array to
write
Number
successfully
written
File
identifier
number
int, double,
fread and fwrite are vectorized
96
Intro MATLAB
File Position Commands
feof: tf = feof(fid);
tests for end of file
fseek: status = fseek(fid, offset, origin);
sets the file position
ftell: position = ftell(fid);
gets the file position
frewind: frewind(fid);
rewinds the file
ferror: message = ferror(fid);
inquire about file I/O status
97
Intro MATLAB
File I/O Example
fid = fopen('asciiData.txt','r');
i = 1;
while ~feof(fid)
name(i,:) = fscanf(fid,'%5c',1);
year(i) = fscanf(fid,'%d',1);
no1(i) = fscanf(fid,'%d',1);
no2(i)=fscanf(fid,'%d',1);
no3(i)=fscanf(fid,'%g',1);
no4(i)=fscanf(fid,'%g\n');
i=i+1;
end
fclose(fid);
Data file MATLAB m-file to read it
MATLAB output
Since a tab counts as one character in MATLAB,
you must use spaces after the name field in the
data file (else get Tom 1 in name output, etc...)
98
Intro MATLAB
File I/O Example (Alternative)
Cell arrays (storage mechanism for dissimilar kinds of
data) offer a very flexible alternative
Avoid the nuances and pitfalls of counting spaces and
tabs
Create a cell array to store the field name by using curly
braces after variable name:

name{i} = fscanf(fid, %s, 1);
%s (string) format specifier can
be used here with cell array
curly braces are cell array
constructors
99
Intro MATLAB
Specialized File I/O Commands

hdf: HDF interface
imfinfo: Return information about a graphics file
imread/imwrite: Read/Write image from graphics file
wk1read/wk1write: Read/Write a Lotus123 WK1
spreadsheet file into a matrix
xlsread/xlswrite: Read/Write a matrix to a Excel
spreadsheet file
urlread: read data from a URL

100
Intro MATLAB
uigetfile: Interactively Get a Filename
[filename, pathname, filterindex] =
uigetfile(Filterspec, DialogTitle);
Example:
>> f = uigetfile('*.jpg;*.bmp;*.gif;*.tif','Specify Graphics File:')

101
Intro MATLAB
Multidimensional MATLAB arrays
Access elements using textual field designators
Create structures by using periods (.):
>> class.name = MATLAB;
>> class.day1 = 2/27/07;
>> class.day2 = 2/28/07;
>> class
class =
name: MATLAB
day1: 2/27/07
day2: 2/28/07


Structures
102
Intro MATLAB
Structures are arrays (no surprise)
Fields can be added one at a time:

>> class(2).name = MPI;
>> class(2).day1 = TBA;
>> class(2).day2 = TBA;

Can also use a single statement:

>> class(2) = struct(name,MPI,...
day1,TBA,day2,TBA)

Manipulating Structures
103
Intro MATLAB
Consider the simple structure

>> exam.name = Jim Kirk;
>> exam.score = 79;
>> exam(2).name = Janice Lester;
>> exam(2).score = 89;
>> [exam.score]
ans =
79 89
Manipulating Structures (cont.)
square brackets produce a
numeric row vector
104
Intro MATLAB
Manipulating Structures (cont.)
Can also create a cell array using curly braces:

>> {exam.name}
ans =
'Jim Kirk' 'Janice Lester'
105
Intro MATLAB
Lab 1
The data file DataIO_lab1.dat is a binary data file containing a 256 X 256
image. The data is stored in row order with each pixel value being a double
value.
Read the data in DataIO_lab1.dat into a 256 X 256 real array, and display it
as a gray scale image. Here are some suggestions to help you:
Preallocate the array that will hold the image data.
Use the function fopen to open the file and get a file handle.
Since the data is binary, use the function fread to read the data; if you want you
can read it 256 values at a time.
To display the data array as an image, use the MATLAB command image
If the resulting image is rotated, you can use the transpose operator to take care of
that.
Close the file using fclose.
Scale the array so that all pixel values are between 1 and 64
What are you looking at? (FUN: experiment with non-gray colormaps )
106
Intro MATLAB
Lab 2
The data file DataIO_lab2.csv is an ASCII data file that consists of comma
separated real values. There are 3000 rows and 16 columns of data. The first
column corresponds to sampling instants and the next 15 columns correspond
to vibration data collected from a shaker table.

Write a short m-file to read the data in the DataIO_lab2.csv file and assign it
to two variables: t which is a 3000 X 1 array containing the sampling instants
and x which is a 3000 X 15 array containing the data on all the channels. You
can use fscanf (in conjunction with fopen) or dlmread to read the data.

Plot x(:,1) through x(:,15) against t.

MATLAB provides another way of reading ASCII data files: textread. Use
textread to read the data in DataIO_lab2.csv and assign it to the variables
t and x.


Basic Data Analysis
108
Intro MATLAB
Basic Data Analysis
Basic, and more advanced, statistical analysis is
easily accomplished in MATLAB.

Remember that the MATLAB default is to
assume vectors are columnar.

Each column is a variable, and each row is an
observation.
109
Intro MATLAB
Vibration Sensors Data
Each column is the
raw rpm sensor
data from a
different sensor
used in an
instrumented
engine test. The
rows represent the
times readings
were made.
110
Intro MATLAB
Plotting the Data
Note that in this
case the plot
command
generates one
time-series for
each column of
the data matrix
>> plot(rpm_raw)
>> xlabel('sample number - during time slice');
>> ylabel('Unfiltered RPM Data');
>> title(3 sequences of samples from RPM sensor)
111
Intro MATLAB
Average of the Data:
Applying the mean function
to the data matrix yields the
mean of each column
But you can easily compute the
mean of the entire matrix
(applying a function to either a
single row or a single column
results in the function applied
to the column, or the row, i.e.,
in both cases, the application is
to the vector).
1
2
>> mean(rpm_raw)

ans =
1081.4 1082.8 1002.7


>> mean(mean(rpm_raw))

ans =
1055.6
112
Intro MATLAB
The mean Function
But we can apply the mean function
along any dimension
So we can easily obtain the row
means
3
>> help mean
MEAN Average or mean value.
For vectors, MEAN(X) is the mean value of the elements in X. For
matrices, MEAN(X) is a row vector containing the mean value of
each column. For N-D arrays, MEAN(X) is the mean value of the
elements along the first non-singleton dimension of X.

MEAN(X,DIM) takes the mean along the dimension DIM of X.

Example: If X = [0 1 2
3 4 5]

then mean(X,1) is [1.5 2.5 3.5] and mean(X,2) is [1
4]
>> mean(rpm_raw, 2)
ans =
1045.7
1064.7
1060.7
1055
1045
113
Intro MATLAB
max and its Index
We can compute the max
of the entire matrix, or of
any dimension
1
2
MAX Largest component.
For vectors, MAX(X) is the largest
element in X. For matrices, MAX(X)
is a row vector containing the
maximum element from each column.
For N-D arrays, MAX(X) operates along
the first non-singleton dimension.

[Y,I] = MAX(X) returns the indices of
the maximum values in vector I.
If the values along the first non-
singleton dimension contain more
than one maximal element, the index
of the first one is returned.
>> max(rpm_raw)
ans =
1115 1120 1043

>> max(max(rpm_raw))
ans =
1120

>> [y,i] = max(rpm_raw)
y =
1115 1120 1043
i =
8 2 17

max along the columns
114
Intro MATLAB
min
>> min(rpm_raw)
ans =
1053 1053 961

>> min(min(rpm_raw))
ans =
961

>> [y,i] = min(rpm_raw)
y =
1053 1053 961
i =
22 1 22
min along each column
min of entire matrix
115
Intro MATLAB
Standard Deviation, Median, Covariance
>> median(rpm_raw) % median along each column
ans =
1080 1083.5 1004
>> cov(rpm_raw) % covariance of the data
ans =
306.4 -34.76 32.192
-34.76 244.9 -165.21
32.192 -165.21 356.25
>> std(rpm_raw) % standard deviation along each column
ans =
17.504 15.649 18.875
>> var(rpm_raw) % variance is the square of std
ans =
306.4 244.9 356.25
116
Intro MATLAB
Data Analysis: Histogram
HIST Histogram.
N = HIST(Y) bins the elements of Y into 10 equally spaced containers
and returns the number of elements in each container. If Y is a
matrix, HIST works down the columns.

N = HIST(Y,M), where M is a scalar, uses M bins.

N = HIST(Y,X), where X is a vector, returns the distribution of Y
among bins with centers specified by X. The first bin includes
data between -inf and the first center and the last bin
includes data between the last bin and inf. Note: Use HISTC if
it is more natural to specify bin edges instead.

. . .


117
Intro MATLAB
Histogram (cont.)
>> hist(rpm_raw) %histogram of the data
118
Intro MATLAB
Histogram (cont.)
>> hist(rpm_raw, 20) %histogram of the data
119
Intro MATLAB
Histogram (cont.)
>> hist(rpm_raw, 100) %histogram of the data
120
Intro MATLAB
Data Analysis: Sorting
1
2
3
>> help sort
SORT Sort in ascending or descending order.
For vectors, SORT(X) sorts the elements of X in ascending order.
For matrices, SORT(X) sorts each column of X in ascending order.
For N-D arrays, SORT(X) sorts the along the first non-singleton
dimension of X. When X is a cell array of strings, SORT(X) sorts
the strings in ASCII dictionary order.

Y = SORT(X,DIM,MODE)
has two optional parameters.
DIM selects a dimension along which to sort.
MODE selects the direction of the sort
'ascend' results in ascending order
'descend' results in descending order
The result is in Y which has the same shape and type as X.

[Y,I] = SORT(X,DIM,MODE) also returns an index matrix I.
If X is a vector, then Y = X(I).
If X is an m-by-n matrix and DIM=1, then
for j = 1:n, Y(:,j) = X(I(:,j),j); end
121
Intro MATLAB
Sorting Data (cont.)
1
>> magic(4)
ans =
16 2 3 13
5 11 10 8
9 7 6 12
4 14 15 1

>> sort(magic(4))
ans =
4 2 3 1
5 7 6 8
9 11 10 12
16 14 15 13
122
Intro MATLAB
Sorting Data (cont.)
2
>> magic(4) >> sort(magic(4),2)
ans = ans =
16 2 3 13 2 3 13 16
5 11 10 8 5 8 10 11
9 7 6 12 6 7 9 12
4 14 15 1 1 4 14 15

>> sort(magic(4),1)
ans =
4 2 3 1
5 7 6 8
9 11 10 12
16 14 15 13
123
Intro MATLAB
Sorting Data (cont.)
3
>> magic(4)
ans =
16 2 3 13
5 11 10 8
9 7 6 12
4 14 15 1

>> [y i] = sort(magic(4))
y = i =
4 2 3 1 4 1 1 4
5 7 6 8 2 3 3 2
9 11 10 12 3 2 2 3
16 14 15 13 1 4 4 1
124
Intro MATLAB
Bin Average Filtering
FILTER One-dimensional digital filter.
Y = FILTER(B,A,X) filters the data in vector X with the
filter described by vectors A and B to create the filtered
data Y. The filter is a "Direct Form II Transposed"
implementation of the standard difference equation:

a(1)*y(n) = b(1)*x(n) + b(2)*x(n-1) + ... + b(nb+1)*x(n-nb)
- a(2)*y(n-1) - ... - a(na+1)*y(n-na)

>> filter(ones(1,3), 3, rpm_raw)
ans =
359 351 335.67
719 724.33 667
1088.3 1081.7 1001
1084 1091.7 1004.7
1081 1073 1006.7
This example uses an
FIR filter to compute a
moving average using a
window size of 3
125
Intro MATLAB
Filtered Data Plot
126
Intro MATLAB
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
fft is one of the built-in functions in MATLAB

The fft function can compute the discrete Fourier
transform of any arbitrary length sequence. fft
incorporates most known fast algorithms for
various lengths (e.g. power of 2)

Not all lengths are equally fast
127
Intro MATLAB
Discrete Fourier Transform Definition

2
1
0
2
1
0
[ ] [ ]
1
[ ] [ ]
j kn
N
N
n
j kn
N
N
k
X k x n e
x n X k e
N
t
t

=
=
=

128
Intro MATLAB
fft and fftshift
0 t
2t
N=11
t
-t
1
11
0
N=11
After fftshift
129
Intro MATLAB
Example: FFT of sine Wave in Noise
>> fs = 1000;
>> t = [0:999]*(1/fs);
>> x = sin(2*pi*250*t);
>> X = fft(x(1:512));
>> noise = 0.8*randn(size(x));
>> xn = x + noise;
>> XnMag = fftshift(20*log10(abs(fft(xn(1:512)))));
>> XnMagPf = XnMag(256:512);
>> frq = [0:length(XnMagPf) - 1]'*(fs/length(XnMag));
>> plot(frq, XnMagPf)
>> xlabel('freq. (Hz)');
>> ylabel('Mag. (db)');
130
Intro MATLAB
Frequency Spectrum
131
Intro MATLAB
Lab 1
Load the data_analysis_lab1.mat file into the MATLAB workspace. This
will produce an array variable called grades containing grades on an exam
between 0 and 100.
Calculate the average and standard deviation of the grades.
Plot a histogram of the grades using 100 bins.
We want to compare the histogram with a Gaussian distribution.
Write you own MATLAB Gaussian function M-file which returns a value y
using the following formula
y=exp(-[x-m]
2
/2
2
)
where m is the average and is the standard deviation of the distribution.
Your function should have input arguments x,m, and .
On the histogram plot also plot a Gaussian distribution of the grades using
the calculated average and standard deviation.

132
Intro MATLAB
Lab 2
Load the file data_analysis_lab2.mat. Since this is a .mat file, you
should be able to load it easily using the load command.
Your workspace should now contain a single variable x. x is 3000 points
long and consists of the sum of 3 sine waves. The sampling frequency is
1000 Hz.
Plot the first 0.33 seconds of x. You may find it convenient to create a
second array (say called time) that has the time values corresponding to the
samples in x.
>> Fs = 1000; %Sampling frequency
>> time = [0:length(x)-1]*(1/Fs); % time index
fft is a built-in function in MATLAB. We can compute and plot the
magnitude of the FFT of x to identify the frequencies of the sine waves.
>> X = fft(x);
X is a complex valued array that is the FFT of x. We can compute the
magnitude of the FFT by taking the absolute value of X.
>> Xmag = abs(X);
>> plot(Xmag);
133
Intro MATLAB
Lab 2 (cont.)
The plot of Xmag shows 6 components, and also we have only index
values not real frequency values along the abscissa. Six components
show up because the FFT is evaluated over positive and negative
frequencies. Also, the frequencies are wrapped around. We can
take care of the wrap around using the fftshift function.
>> Xmag = fftshift(Xmag);
Next, we can generate a suitable frequency axis for plotting Xmag.
>> frq = [0:length(Xmag)-1]*(Fs/length(Xmag))
(Fs/2);
>> plot(frq, Xmag);
Can you see the 3 frequency components (in the positive freq. part of
the axis)? Zoom into the plot either using the axis command or the
interactive zoom button on the figures toolbar and determine the
frequencies of the 3 components.



Numerical Analysis
135
Intro MATLAB
Overview
IEEE double precision numbers
Numerical Linear Algebra
Solving linear equations (Ax ~ b)
Condition number
Matrix factorizations
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Singular value decomposition
Solving ODEs
Numerical integration
Root finding
Nonlinear optimization
136
Intro MATLAB
Fundamental data type in MATLAB is a double precision value in
ANSI/IEEE Standard 754 format:






Roundoff: eps = 2
-52
10
-16


Underflow: realmin = 2
-1022
10
-308


Overflow: realmax = (2 - eps) * 2
1023
10
308


eps, realmin and realmax are built in variables in MATLAB.
IEEE Double Precision Numbers
s
s
E (11 bits) f (52 bits)
A numeric value is represented as: (-1)
s
(1.f) 2
(E-1023)
137
Intro MATLAB
Solving Linear Equations
Consider the set of equations Ax = b
A is an n x m matrix, x is an m x 1 vector and b is
an n x 1 vector

The rank of a matrix is the number of independent
rows (or columns). Rank can be checked using the
MATLAB command rank

Equations are
consistent if rank(A) = rank([A b])
independent if rank(A) = n


Existence
of solution
Uniqueness
of solution
138
Intro MATLAB
Linear Equations, n = m
When A is square (i.e.,
n = m) and the equations
are independent and
consistent, the unique
solution can be found using
the \ operator.

MATLAB finds the solution
using a LU decomposition
of A.
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0]
A =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 0
>> b = [366; 804; 351]
b =
366
804
351
>> [rank(A) rank([A b])]
ans =
3 3
>> x = A\b
x =
25
22
99
139
Intro MATLAB
Linear Equations, n < m
When the number of
equations is less than the
number of unknowns (i.e.,
n < m), usually an infinite
number of solutions exist.
\ finds the solution with no
more than rank(A) non-
zero elements.
pinv can be used to find
the solution with min ||x||.
>> A = [2 3 4; 1 1 1]; b = [4;5];
>> x = A\b
x =
8
0
-3
>> x1 = pinv(A)*b
x1 =
7.1667
1.6667
-3.8333
>> sqrt([sum(x.^2) sum(x1.^2)])
ans =
8.544 8.2966
140
Intro MATLAB
Example: Force Required to Move Object
Force, F
Unit mass, velocity at time t = 0 is 0. Force on object is F(t).

F(t) = x
j
, j - 1 < t < j, j = 1, , 10

Want total distance moved in 10 s to be 1.

Want velocity at t =10 s to be 0.
141
Intro MATLAB
Example (cont.)
This leads to the underdetermined set of equations
( )
1 10
,
19/ 2 17/ 2 15/ 2 1/ 2
,
1 1 1 1
1
,
0
T
Ax b
A
x x x b
=
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
142
Intro MATLAB
Example (cont.)
>> x1 = A\b
x1 =
0.11111
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.11111
>> x2 = pinv(A)
* b
x2 =
0.054545
0.042424
0.030303
0.018182
0.0060606
-0.0060606
-0.018182
-0.030303
-0.042424
-0.054545
>> [norm(x1) norm(x2)]
ans =
0.15713 0.1101
143
Intro MATLAB
Linear Equations, n > m
When there are more
equations than
unknowns (i.e.,
n > m), usually no
solution exists.
\ can be used to find
the least squares
solution, i.e., the x that
minimizes ||Ax-b||
2
>> A = [2 -1; 1 1; 6 -1];
>> b = [2; 5; -5];
>> [rank(A) rank([A b])]
ans =
2 3
>> x = A\b
x =
-0.094595
2.4459
144
Intro MATLAB
Example: Fit Polynomial to Data
Assume e is measurement noise, and that we have n
measurements of x and y. This leads to an overdetermined
set of equations:
Assume we can model data as
0 1
p
p
y a a x a x e = + + + +
1 1 0 1
1
1
p
p
n n p n
x x a y
x x a y
| || |
| |
| |
|
=
| |
|
|
| |
\ .
\ . \ .
145
Intro MATLAB
Example (cont.)
3 2
1.64 5.3 7.69 3 y x x x = +
146
Intro MATLAB
Condition of a Matrix
Consider Ax = b. If A changes
by a small amount oA, how
large is the change in the
solution ox?
||ox||/||x|| < k(A) ||oA||/||A||
k(A) is the condition number
of A
k(A) is calculated using the
MATLAB command cond(A)
Consider A essentially
singular if k(A) > 1/eps
>> A = [1 1; 1 1.01]
>> b = [2; 2.01];
>> x = A\b
x =
1
1
>> A1 = [1 1.005; 1 1.01];
>> x1 = A1\b
x1 =
-0.01
2
>> cond(A)
ans =
402.01
147
Intro MATLAB
Matrix Factorizations: lu
lu: factors a square
matrix A into the
product of a permuted
lower triangular
matrix L and an upper
triangular matrix U
such that A = LU.
Useful in computing
inverses, Gaussian
elimination.
>> A = [1 2 -1; 1 0 1; -1 2 1];
>> [L, U] = lu(A)
L =
1 0 0
1 -0.5 1
-1 1 0
U =
1 2 -1
0 4 0
0 0 2
>> L * U
ans =
1 2 -1
1 0 1
-1 2 1
148
Intro MATLAB
Matrix Factorizations: chol
chol: factors a
symmetric, positive
definite matrix A as
R
T
R, where R is
upper triangular.

Useful in solving least
squares problems.
>> A = [2 -1; 1 1; 6 -1];
>> B = A'*A
B =
41 -7
-7 3
>> R = chol(B)
R =
6.4031 -1.0932
0 1.3435
>> R'*R
ans =
41 -7
-7 3
149
Intro MATLAB
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: eig
eig: computes the
eigenvalues,
i
and
eigenvectors, x
i
of a
square matrix A.
.


i
and x
i
satisfy
Ax
i
=
i
x
i

[V,D] = eig(A)
returns the eigenvectors
of A in the columns of V,
and the eigenvalues in
the diagonal elements of
D.

>> A = [1 -1 0; 0 1 1; 0 0 -2];
>> [V, D] = eig(A)
V =
1 1 -0.10483
0 0 -0.31449
0 0 0.94346
D =
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 -2
>> [A*V(:,3) D(3,3)*V(:,3)]
ans =
0.20966 0.20966
0.62897 0.62897
-1.8869 -1.8869
150
Intro MATLAB
Singular Value Decomposition: svd
svd: factors an n x m
matrix A as A = USV
T
,
where U and V are
orthogonal matrices,
and S is a diagonal
matrix with singular
values of A.

Useful in solving least
squares problems.
>> A = [2 -1; 1 1; 6 -1];
>> [U,S,V] = svd(A)
U =
-0.32993 0.47852 -0.81373
-0.12445 -0.87653 -0.46499
-0.93577 -0.052149 0.34874
S =
6.4999 0
0 1.3235
0 0
V =
-0.98447 -0.17558
0.17558 -0.98447
151
Intro MATLAB
Pseudoinverse: pinv
pinv: The pseudoinverse of
an n x m matrix A is a
matrix B such that
BAB = B and
ABA = A

MATLAB uses the SVD of
A to compute pinv.
Useful in solving least
squares problems.
>> A = [2 -1; 1 1; 6 -1];
>> B = pinv(A)
B =
-0.013514 0.13514 0.14865
-0.36486 0.64865 0.013514
>> A*B*A
ans =
2 -1
1 1
6 -1
>> B*A*B
ans =
-0.013514 0.13514 0.14865
-0.36486 0.64865 0.013514
152
Intro MATLAB
More Matrix Math in MATLAB
det(A): computes determinant

inv(A): computes inverse

expm(A),logm(A), sqrtm(A):
computes exponential, logarithm
and square root of A

polyvalm(p,A): evaluate matrix
polynomial, p(A).

lscov(A, b, V): computes least
square solution with known
covariance
lsqnonneg(A,b): non-negative
least squares

norm(A): computes matrix norm

orth(A), null(A): finds a
basis for the range and null space
of A

qr(A): orthogonal-triangular
decomposition of A

subspace(A,B): computes angle
between subspaces defined by A
and B


153
Intro MATLAB
Ordinary Differential Equations
MATLAB has a collection of m-files, called the ODE
suite to solve initial value problems of the form

M(t,y)dy/dt = f(t, y)
y(t
0
) = y
0

where y is a vector.

The ODE suite contains several procedures to solve
such coupled first order differential equations.
154
Intro MATLAB
Steps in ODE Solution Using MATLAB
Express the differential equation as a set of first-order ODEs
M(t,y)dy/dt = f(t,y)

Write an m-file to compute the state derivative
function dydt = myprob(t, y)

Use one of the ODE solvers to solve the equations

[t, y] = ode_solver(myprob, tspan, y0);
Time
index
Solution
matrix
ODE
solver
ODE file
for
derivatives
Solution
time span
[t0 tf]
Initial
conditions
155
Intro MATLAB
ODE Suite Solvers
ode23: explicit, one-step
Runge-Kutta low-order
solver
ode45: explicit, one-step
Runge-Kutta medium
order solver. First solver to
try on a new problem
ode113: multi-step
Adams-Bashforth-Moulton
solver of varying order
ode23s: implicit, one-
step modified Rosenbrock
solver of order 2
ode15s: implicit, multi-
step numerical
differentiation solver of
varying order. Solver to
try if ode45 fails or is too
inefficient
Non-stiff equations Stiff equations
156
Intro MATLAB
Example : van der Pol Equation
Equation is
d
2
x/dt
2
- (1-x
2
)dx/dt + x = 0

Convert to first order ODEs
using
y
1
= x, y
2
= dx/dt
dy
1
/dt = y
2
dy
2
/dt=(1-y
1
2
)y
2
-y
1
function dydt = vdpol(t,y)
%
% van der Pol equation

mu = 2;
dydt = [y(2);mu*(1-
y(1)^2)*y(2)-y(1)];

ODE File vdpol.m
157
Intro MATLAB
van der Pol Equation Solution
>> tspan = [0 20];
>> y0 = [2; 0];
>> [t, y] = ode45('vdpol', tspan, y0);
>> plot(t, y(:,1), t, y(:,2), '--');
158
Intro MATLAB
More on ODE Solvers
There are a number of different options in specifying
the ODE file. Check HELP on odefile for details.

odeset and odeget can be used to set and examine
the ODE solver options.

Can find events (such as max/min/zero, crossings etc.)
in the solution.
159
Intro MATLAB
Numerical Integration
trapz: Trapezoidal integration

quad: Adaptive, recursive Simpsons Rule for
quadrature

quadl: Adaptive, recursive Newton-Coates
8-panel rule

dblquad: Double integration using quad or
quadl
160
Intro MATLAB
Integration Example: humps Function
>> x = linspace(-1,2,150);
>> y = humps(x);
>> plot(x,y)
>> format long
>> trapz(x,y) % 5-digit accuracy
ans =
26.344859225225534

>> quad('humps', -1, 2) % 6-digit accuracy
ans =
26.344960501201232

>> quadl('humps', -1, 2) % 8-digit accuracy
ans =
26.344960471378968
161
Intro MATLAB
Root Finding and Minimization
roots: finds roots of polynomials

fzero: finds roots of a nonlinear function of one
variable

fminbnd, fminsearch: finds maxima and
minima of functions of one and several variables
162
Intro MATLAB
Example of Polynomial Roots
p(x)=x
3
+4x
2
-7x-10
163
Intro MATLAB
Example of Roots for Nonlinear Functions
164
Intro MATLAB
Example of Function Minimization
>> p = [1 0 -2 -5];
>> x = linspace(0,2,100);
>> y = polyval(p,x);
>> plot(x,y)
>> fminbnd('x.^3-2*x-5',0,2)
ans =
0.8165

>> polyval(p,ans)
ans =
-6.0887
165
Intro MATLAB
Lab 1
Consider the set of equations Ax=b where A is an 8x8 matrix given by
A(i,j)=1.0+(|i-j|/8.0)

and b is a 8x1 array given by
b(i)=i
Solve for x using:
The \ operator
The MATLAB pinv function
The MATLAB inv function
LU Decomposition
How do your answers compare?
For best performance, evaluate the matrix A without using any for
loops

166
Intro MATLAB
Lab 2
Use numerical integration to integrate 1/(1+x
2
) from 0 to 1. The
result is analytically calculated to be t/4.
Use the following three MATLAB functions:
trap()
quad()
quadl()
and compare the accuracy of your numerical result with the
exact value.
Use quad or quadl to get the most accurate result possible
with MATLAB. How accurate is it?
Graphics, Data Visualization & Movies
168
Intro MATLAB
Overview
Plots
Simple plots
Subplots (Multiple Axis Regions)
Mesh plots (Colored wire-frame view of surface)
Surface Plots
Patches
Contour Plots
Visualization
Images
Indexed images
Intensity images
Truecolor images
Reading and writing images
Movies
169
Intro MATLAB
Basic XY Plot
>> x = [0:pi/100:pi];
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y), title('Simple Plot')
170
Intro MATLAB
Multiple Curve Plots
Line color, style, marker type,
all within single quotes
>> z = cos(x);
>> plot(x,y,'g.',x,z,'b-.'), title('More Complicated')
171
Intro MATLAB
Plot Power: Contour & 3-D Mesh
To save:
print -djpeg myfigure.jpg
use help print for options
>> t = 0:pi/25:pi;
>> [x,y,z] = cylinder(4*cos(t));
>> subplot(2,1,1)
>> contour(y)
>> subplot(2,1,2)
>> mesh(x,y,z)
>> xlabel('x')
>> ylabel('this is the y axis')
>> text(1,-2,0.5,...
'\it{Note the gap!}')
172
Intro MATLAB
Subplots
Used to display multiple plots in the same figure window,
subplot(m,n,i) subdivides the window into m-by-n subregions
(subplots) and makes the i
th
subplot active for the current plot
>> subplot(2,3,1)
>> plot(t, sin(t), 'r:square')
>> axis([-Inf,Inf,-Inf,Inf])

>> subplot(2,3,3)
>> plot(t, cos(t), 'g')
>> axis([-Inf,Inf,-1,1])

>> subplot(2,3,5)
>> plot(t, sin(t).*cos(t), 'b-.')
>> axis([-Inf,Inf,-Inf,Inf])
4 5 6
2
3
1
173
Intro MATLAB
Mesh Plots
MATLAB defines a surface by the z-coordinates of points above a rectangular
grid in the x-y plane
Plot is formed by joining adjacent defining points with straight lines
Surface plots are used when matrices are too large to visualize numerically,
and also to graph functions of two variables
Use to generate a colored wire-frame view of a surface displayed in a 3-D
view
Only the lines connecting the defining points are colored
>> figure(2);
>> [X,Y] = meshgrid(-16:1.0:16);
>> Z = sqrt(X.^2 + Y.^2 + 5000);
>> mesh(Z)

mesh(Z) generates a wireframe view of
matrix Z, where Z(i,j) define the
height of a surface over the rectangular
x-y grid:
174
Intro MATLAB
Surface Plots
surf(Z) generates a colored faceted 3-D view of the surface.
By default, the faces are quadrilaterals, each of constant color,
with black mesh lines
The shading command allows you to control the view
>> figure(2);
>> [X,Y] = meshgrid(-16:1.0:16);
>> Z = sqrt(X.^2 + Y.^2 + 5000);
>> surf(Z)
>> shading flat
>> shading interp
Default: shading faceted
175
Intro MATLAB
Surface Plots: Colormaps
>> colormap hot
>> colormap gray
>> colormap cool
>> colormap pink
176
Intro MATLAB
More Surface Plots
>> meshc(Z)
>> meshz(Z)
>> surfl(Z)
>> pcolor(Z)
177
Intro MATLAB
Patches
A patch is a graphics object which contains one or more polygons.
The polygons dont have to be connected
Useful for modeling real-world objects such as missiles and tanks
Use the patch function to display a patch
One way to define a patch is to specify Faces and Vertices
Vertex 1 0 0 0
Vertex 2 1 0 0
Vertex 3 1 1 0
Vertex 4 0 1 0
Vertex 5 0.25 0.25 1
Vertex 6 0.75 0.25 1
Vertex 7 0.75 0.75 1
Vertex 8 0.25 0.75 1
Face 1 1 2 3 4
Face 2 5 6 7 8
Face 3 1 2 6 5
Face 4 2 3 7 6
Face 5 3 4 8 7
Face 6 4 1 5 8
Vertices, v
Faces, f
178
Intro MATLAB
Patches: MATLAB code
>> v = [0 0 0; 1 0 0 ; 1 1 0; 0 1 0; 0.25 0.25 1; 0.75 0.25 1;
0.75 0.75 1; 0.25 0.75 1];
>> f = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 1 2 6 5; 2 3 7 6; 3 4 8 7; 4 1 5 8];
>> % Code to make top figure on previous slide
>> patch('Vertices', v, 'Faces', f, 'FaceVertexCData', hsv(6),
'FaceColor', 'flat')
>> view(3)
>> axis square
>> grid on
>> clf
>> % Code to make bottom figure on previous slide
>> patch('Vertices', v, 'Faces', f, 'FaceVertexCData', hsv(8),
'FaceColor', interp)
>> view(3)
>> axis square
>> grid on

179
Intro MATLAB
Contour Plots
Use to create, display, and label isolines determined by one or more
matrices
contour(Z) generates isolines from values given by a matrix Z and
displays it in 2-D
contour3(Z) generates isolines from values given by a matrix Z and
displays it in 3-D
>> Z = peaks;
>> contour(Z,40)
>>
>> Z = peaks;
>> contour3(Z,40)
>>
180
Intro MATLAB
More Contour Plots
>> Z = peaks;
>> [C, h] = contour(Z, 10);
>> clabel(C, h);
>> title('Labeled Contour')
>> Z = peaks;
>> [C, h] = contourf(Z, 10);
>> title('Filled Contour')
>>
181
Intro MATLAB
Visualization: Light
Technique for adding photo-realistic appearance to a graphical scene
Use light to create lighting effects in MATLAB in conjunction with
the following three important properties
Color
Style
Position

>> set(L1, 'Color', 'g')
>> set(L1, 'Position', [-1, -1, 1])
>> set(L1, 'Style', 'local')
182
Intro MATLAB
MATLAB Lighting Code
>> % This code creates the upper left figure on
previous slide
>> [X, Y, Z] = sphere(64);
>> h = surf(X, Y, Z);
>> axis square
>> reds = zeros(256, 3);
>> for i=1:256
reds(i, 1) = (i-1)/255;
end
>> colormap(reds)
>> shading interp
>> L1 = light('Position', [-1, -1, -1]);
>> lighting phong
>> set(h, 'AmbientStrength', 0.75);
>> set(h, 'DiffuseStrength', 0.5);


183
Intro MATLAB
Visualization: Viewpoint
Use view to specify the viewpoint by defining azimuth and elevation with
respect to the origin
x
-y
z
Azimuth
Elevation
y
MATLAB defaults
For 2-D plots, azimuth = 0
o
elevation = 90
o
For 3-D plots, azimuth = -37.5
o
elevation = 30
o

Default View >> view(-37.5, 60);
>> view(0, 90); >> view(-37.5, 90);
184
Intro MATLAB
Visualization: Camera Properties
>> set(gca,'CameraPosition',[-800,-800,13])
Default View
>> set(gca,'CameraTarget',[0,0,2])
>> set(gca,'CameraUpVector',[0,1,0])
>> set(gca,'CameraViewAngle',30) >> set(gca,'Projection','perspective')
Use the set command to modify parameters associated
with a graphics object. In this case, the Camera Properties
185
Intro MATLAB
Camera Default Properties
MATLAB defaults:
CameraPosition: Position adjusted such that the orientation
of the scene is the standard MATLAB 2-D or 3-D view

CameraTarget: Center of plot box

CameraUpVector: y-direction for 2-D views and z-direction for
3-D views

CameraViewAngle: Angle adjusted such that scene fills the
position rectangle

Projection: orthographic

186
Intro MATLAB
Indexed Images
Consists of a data matrix, I and a colormap matrix, C
C is an m-by-3 matrix, with each row specifying the R, G, and B
components of a single color
Values in C are floating point numbers in the range [0, 1]
Color of each pixel is determined by using the corresponding value of
I as an index into the colormap
R G B
0
1 0
C
1
2
m
10
I
0.5 0.5 0.5
1 0.35 0.25
10
1
1 0
187
Intro MATLAB
Intensity Images
Consists of a data matrix, I, whose values represent intensities within some range.
For double-precision data, the intensity values are in the range [0, 1], where 0
represents black, and 1 represents white. Values in between 0 and 1 represent shades
of gray

Use the following to display intensity images.
>> imagesc(I, [0, 1]); colormap(gray);

The second input argument [0, 1] to imagesc specifies the desired intensity range. I
is displayed by first mapping the first value in the range to the first colormap entry,
and second value in the range to the last colormap entry. Values in between are
mapped linearly.

To automatically map the minimum value in I to the first colormap entry, and the
maximum value in I to the last colormap entry, do the following.
>> imagesc(I); colormap(gray);
188
Intro MATLAB
Truecolor Images (RGB Images)
Consist of a m-by-n-by-3 data array, I, containing the R, G, and B components for each
individual pixel
I(:, :, 1) is the red component of the image
I(:, :, 2) is the green component of the image
I(:, :, 3) is the blue component of the image
To display a truecolor image, do the following
>> image(I)
Truecolor images do not use colormaps
HumVee(:, :, 1)
HumVee(:, :, 2)
HumVee(:, :, 3)
189
Intro MATLAB
Summary: Commands to Display Images

Use the following to display an Indexed image.
>> image(I); colormap(map)

Use the following to display an Intensity image
>> imagesc(I); colormap(map);

Use the following to display a Truecolor image
>> image(I);




190
Intro MATLAB
Reading Images
MATLAB can read images of various
formats including
BMP, HDF, JPEG, PCX, TIFF, XWD
Use function imread to read image files
imread reads indexed, intensity, and
truecolor images
Images are read into a uint8 matrix of
appropriate size
imread automatically determines the
format of the image based on
information in the header
You can specify a format as an optional
second argument
191
Intro MATLAB
MATLAB Code for Reading Images

>> Crusader = imread(Crusader.jpg');
>> image(Crusader)
>> whos Crusader
Name Size Bytes Class
Crusader 186x250x3 139500 uint8 array

Grand total is 139500 elements using 139500 bytes

192
Intro MATLAB
Writing Images
MATLAB can write images of various formats including the following
BMP, HDF, JPEG, PCX, TIFF, XWD
Use function imwrite to write image files
imwrite writes indexed, intensity, and truecolor images
Images are written as a uint8 matrix (converted if necessary) of appropriate size
along with colormaps (if necessary) and headers
imwrite determines the format from extension of filename. You can specify an
optional format if extension is absent or to force a particular format
Use
imfinfo(filename)
to get information on
an image file
193
Intro MATLAB
Writing Images: MATLAB code
>> Abrams = imread(Abrams.jpg');
>> image(Abrams)
>> whos Abrams
Name Size Bytes Class
Abrams 511x640x3 981120 uint8 array
Grand total is 981120 elements using 981120 bytes
>> % Write out tank as gray image
>> AbramsGray = rgb2gray(Abrams);
>> colormap gray;
>> image(AbramsGray)
>> imwrite(AbramsGray, gray, 'Abrams.bmp');

194
Intro MATLAB
Creating Movies in MATLAB
MATLAB movies are stored in an array of movie frames. For example, in a
movie array M, the ith frame is M(i).
A movie frame is a structure having the fields "cdata" and "colormap"
which contain the image data in a uint8 matrix and the colormap in a
double matrix. Movie frames can be created by following commands
getframe returns a movie frame by taking a snapshot of the current
axis. For example, F=getframe;
im2frame converts an indexed image into movie format. For example,
F=im2frame(A,MAP) returns the frame as an indexed image matrix A
and a colormap MAP.
A MATLAB movie array can be played back by the movie command.
movie(M,N,FPS) plays the movie M for N times at FPS frames per second.
The default if FPS is omitted is 12 fps.
195
Intro MATLAB
Movie Preparation & Play
196
Intro MATLAB
MATLAB movie AVI format
movie2avi(M,FILENAME,PARAM,VALUE,PARAM,VALUE...) creates an AVI file from
the MATLAB movie M using the specified parameter settings. Available parameters are
FPS - The frames per second for the AVI movie. The default is 15 fps.
COMPRESSION - A string indicating the compressor to use. For example, Indeo3,
Indeo5, Cinepak, MSVC, or None.
QUALITY - A number between 0 and 100. Higher quality numbers result in higher
video quality and larger file sizes. The default is 75.
KEYFRAME - For compressors that support temporal compression, this is the number
of key frames per second. The default is 2 key frames per second.
COLORMAP - An M-by-3 matrix defining the colormap to be used for indexed AVI
movies.
VIDEONAME - A descriptive name for the video stream. This parameter must be no
greater than 64 characters long. The default name is the filename.

M = aviread(FILENAME) reads the AVI movie FILENAME into a movie array M.
197
Intro MATLAB
figure(1)
numframes=16;

% gca: get current axis; returns handle to the
% current axes for the current figure
set(gca, NextPlot', 'replacechildren')
axis equal % fix the axes
for k=1:numframes
plot(fft(eye(k+16))); % eye: Identity matrix
A(k)=getframe;
end
movie(A)
Example that Illustrates the Use of Movies to Visualize the Various
Powers of the N-th Root of Unity, exp(2pi / n)
198
Intro MATLAB
aviread
Refer to Example 1 in movie documentation (doc
movie) to create frame array F using getframe then:

>> movie2avi(F, wave.avi)
>> M = aviread(wave.avi)
>> movie(M)

This can create some very large files!

aviread can only read Type-2 Digital Video AVI files
199
Intro MATLAB
Lab 1
Show views from various angles of the surface defined by the following function:
z = |x| * exp(-x
2
-y
2
) * y
in MATLAB, use: Z = abs(X) .* exp(-X .^ 2 Y .^ 2) .* Y;
Define an x-y grid with x and y in [-2, 2] with increments of 0.2. Show a total of 6
views in the same figure. Camera parameters for each view should appear in the
title for the sub-image.
Detailed Instructions
Use meshgrid to define the grid ([X, Y] = meshgrid(-2:0.2:2, -2:0.2:2);)
Use subplot to get multiple plots in the same figure
Use surfc for the first three plots, and surf for the remaining three plots
Use the shading and view functions to achieve desired appearance and view
Set the title for each view using the title function
Use axis tight to make the surface fill the extent of the axes for each view
Use axis vis3d to preserve aspect ratio for different views
Set the size and position of the figure window using the set function.


Inter-Language Programming
201
Intro MATLAB
MEX Basics
MEX stands for MATLAB EXecutable
MEX files are C and FORTRAN programs that are callable from
MATLAB after compiling
Why?
Pre-existing C/FORTRAN programs can be called from MATLAB
without rewriting codes in MATLAB
Computations that do not run fast enough in MATLAB, such as
for loops, can be coded in C or FORTRAN for efficient
implementation.
Access to hardware such as A/D, D/A converters, GPIB
hardware, serial/parallel port, etc.
Protect intellectual property
202
Intro MATLAB
MEX Procedure
Procedures for working with MATLABs MEX mechanism
1. Prepare the C or Fortran MEX program according to
MATLAB external interfacing rules
2. Compile the C or FORTRAN MEX program using
MATLAB command mex
3. mex in turn makes use of external C or FORTRAN
compilers
4. Call the compiled MEX function in the same way as
calling any MATLAB function
203
Intro MATLAB
MEX Include File : mex.h
Must be included in all MEX Files source code

Defines the prototypes of all mex* API functions (e.g.
mexErrMsgTxt() in our example )

mex* functions used to set up program tasks

Includes matrix.h, which in turn defines the prototypes
of all mx* API functions (e.g. mxGetN() in our example)

mx* functions used for data variables

204
Intro MATLAB
Gateway Function : mexFunction()

void mexFunction (int nlhs,

mxArray *plhs[],

int nrhs,

const mxArray *prhs[])
Equivalent to main() in C programs
Has 4 arguments
Number of LHS
arguments
Number of RHS
arguments
Pointer to array of
of LHS argument
pointers
Pointer to array of
of RHS argument
pointers
205
Intro MATLAB
Sample Problem: Scaling
Simple example: A C function that takes its input,
multiplies each element by 2, and then returns the
scaled-up values

Straightforward C task chosen so that MEX
requirements can be emphasized

Resulting C MEX file is general purpose in nature

How the function might be used in MATLAB:
>> [a b] = timestwo(x,y);

206
Intro MATLAB
mexFunction in Scaling Example
>> a = timestwo(x)
nrhs = 1
prhs
x (matrix)
nlhs = 1
plhs
a
void mexFunction(
int nlhs, mxArray *plhs[],
int nrhs, const mxArray *prhs[])
In MATLAB:
In timestwo.c:
207
Intro MATLAB
MEX Procedure
1. Compile timestwo.c using mex command in MATLAB
2. Use timestwo.mexw32 like any MATLAB command
>> mex timestwo.c
>> dir *.mexw32

timestwo.mexw32

Compiling mex program,
timestwo.c
A platform-specific binary is
generated after compiling
>> [a b] = timestwo(5,6)
a =
10
b =
12
208
Intro MATLAB
timestwo.c
include
mex.h
Gateway
function and
its 4
arguments
Processing
the input
parameters
Dynamically
allocate
memory for
the output
array
#include mex.h // do not forget this
void mexFunction(int nlhs, mxArray *plhs[],
int nrhs, const mxArray *prhs[]) {
double *p,*n; // pointers to output and input arrays
int i,j,m,n; // indices and dimension variables
if (nrhs != nlhs) // Error Check
mexErrMsgTxt(Number of input and output args differ");
for(i = 0; i < nrhs; i++) {
m = mxGetM(prhs[i]); n = mxGetM(prhs[i]); // get dims
plhs[i] = mxCreateDoubleMatrix(m,n,mxREAL);
data1 = mxGetPr(prhs[i]); // retrieve input
data2 = mxGetPr(plhs[i]); // create pointer to output
for(j = 0; j < m*n; j++ {
data2[j] = 2 * data1[j];
}
}
}