Challenges in water & waste water & its strategic overcome.

PRESENTED BY

S.G. PHADKE 09.01.2012-IWWA RAIPUR WATER CONVENTION-2012, Shri Agrasen Dham,Raipur

 River Pollution Water Conflicts

Issues

Ground water Pollution

Poor management, Population increase, urban growth, crumbling infrastructure and depleting resources Corruption Inadequate storage capacity Aquifer Depletion

Issues
1. River Pollution :

Unsafe for swimming: A bather emerges from the polluted Yamuna in New Delhi.

Floods are a significant environmental issue for India. It causes soil erosion, destruction of wetlands and wide migration of solid wastes.

Hanskhali drainage canal, it passes contaminated water direct to the Ganges at Howrah, West Bengal. Sewage and drainage canals like this are the dominant cause of water pollution in India

A 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. Majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions and release pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater. A 1995 report claimed 114 Indian cities were dumping untreated sewage and partially cremated bodies directly into the Ganges River. Open defecation is widespread even in urban areas of India.

All our Rivers are polluting.

The Central Pollution Control Board, a Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India entity, has established a National Water Quality Monitoring Network comprising 1429 monitoring stations in 27 states and 6 in Union Territories on various rivers and water bodies across the country. This effort monitors water quality year round. The monitoring network covers 293 rivers, 94 lakes, 9 tanks, 41 ponds, 8 creeks, 23 canals, 18 drains and 411 wells distributed across India.Water samples are routinely analyzed for 28 parameters including dissolved oxygen, bacteriological and other internationally established parameters for water quality. Additionally 9 trace metals parameters and 28 pesticide residues are analyzed. Biomonitoring is also carried out on specific locations. For context, a water sample with a 5 day BOD between 1 and 2 mg O/L indicates a very clean water, 3 to 8 mg O/L indicates a moderately clean water, 8 to 20 indicates borderline water, and greater than 20 mg O/L indicates ecologically-unsafe polluted water. Total coliform and fecal coliform densities in the rivers of India range between 500 to 100,000 MPN/100 ml

All our Rivers are polluting.

CHOICE OF WATER SOURCE FOR DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PROCESS-Is water sources reducing?
EXCELLENT SOURCE AVERAGE BOD(5DAYS)(mg/L) AVERAGE COLIFORM,MOST PROBABLE NUMBER(MNP) (PER 100ml.) pH GOOD SOURCE
POOR SOURCE
REJECTABL E SOURCE

0.75 TO 1.5 50 TO 100

1.5 TO 2.5 100 TO 5000

5 TO 6 & 8.5 TO 9

2.5 TO 4 5000 TO 20000

3.8 TO 5 & 9 TO 10.3

>4 >20000

6 TO 8.5 <50 <1.5

CLORIDES (mg/L) FLORIDES (mg/L)

50 TO 250 250 TO 1.5 TO 3

<3.8 >10.3 >600 -

600 >3

The list of all the major cities(27)of India and the rivers which flow through the city or on the basin on which the city flourished

Town Agra Ahmedabad Allahabad Ayodhya Badarinath Calcutta Cuttack Delhi

River Yamuna Sabarmat Ganga, Yamuna Saryu Ganga Hooghly Mahanadi Yamuna

Dibrugarh
Ferozepur Gauhati Haridwar

Brahmaputra
Sutlej Brahmaputra Ganga

Hyderabad
Jabalpur Kanpur Kota Leh Lucknow Ludhiana Nasik Panchiharpur Patna Srinagar Surat Tiruchirapalli

Musi
Narmada Ganga Chambal Indus Gomti Sutlej Godavari Bhima Ganges Jhelum Tapti Cauvery

EFFLUENT STANDARDS
SN O PARAMETERS FOR DISCHARGE ON LAND <100 <200 FOR DISCHARGE INTO WATER

1
2 3

BOD (mg/L)
SS (mg/L)

<30
<50
Desirable Permissible

Desirable (MIN.) Permissible (MAX.) FECAL COLIFORM 3 FECAL COLIFORM 3 FECAL COLIFORM

1000

10000

1000

10000

The presence of coliform suggests that the water is being contaminated with the fecal material of humans, livestocks, pets and other animals. Rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Gomti, Ghaggar, Chambal, Mahi, Vardha are amongst the other most coliform polluted water bodies in India. The Mithi River, which flows through the city of Mumbai, is heavily polluted.The levels of BOD are severe near the cities and major towns. In rural parts of India, the river BOD levels were sufficient to support aquatic life.

Greater adjutant perched on a pile of trash and solid waste in Assam.

Trash and garbage disposal services, responsibility of local government workers in India, are ineffective. Solid waste is routinely seen along India's streets and shopping plazas. Image shows solid waste pollution along a Jaipur street, a 2011 image

All our Rivers are polluting.

Issues
2. Water Conflicts: The Ganges River possesses strong economic and religious importance. The Ganges River as a water source has been strongly disputed between India and Bangladesh. With increasing demands of water in Calcutta for industrial and domestic use, and irrigation use in the Indian state of West Bengal, water conflicts between the two countries have increased. With large amounts of pollution in this river system, the available water is unsanitary and can increase illness, as well as trigger mass migration.

Issues
3. Ground water Pollution:
The crucial role groundwater plays as a decentralized source of drinking water for millions rural and urban families cannot be overstated. According to some estimates, it accounts for nearly 80 per cent of the rural domestic water needs, and 50 per cent of the urban water needs in India. Groundwater is generally less susceptible to contamination and pollution when compared to surface water bodies. Also, the natural impurities in rainwater, which replenishes groundwater systems, get removed while infiltrating through soil strata. But, In India, where groundwater is used intensively for irrigation and industrial purposes, a variety of land and water-based human activities are causing pollution of this precious resource. Its over-exploitation is causing aquifer contamination in certain instances, while in certain others its unscientific development with insufficient knowledge of groundwater flow dynamic and geo-hydrochemical processes has led to its mineralization.

Issues
3. Ground water Pollution:
The incidence of fluoride above permissible levels of 1.5ppm occur in 14 Indian states, namely,Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal affecting a total of 69 districts, according to some estimates. Some other estimates find that 65 per cent of Indias villages are exposed to fluoride risk. High levels of salinity are reported from all these states except West Bengal and also the NCT of Delhi, and affects 73 districts and three blocks of Delhi. Iron content above permissible level of 0.3 ppm is found in 23 districts from 4 states, namely, Bihar, Rajasthan, Tripura and West Bengal and coastal Orissa and parts of Agartala valley in Tripura.

Issues
3. Ground water Pollution:

Issues
3. Ground water Pollution:
High levels of arsenic above the permissible levels of 50 parts per billion (ppb) are found in the alluvial plains of Ganges covering six districts of West Bengal. Presence of heavy metals in groundwater is found in 40 districts from 13 states, viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and five blocks of Delhi.

Issues
3. Ground water Pollution:
Non-point pollution caused by fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, often dispersed over large areas, is a great threat to fresh groundwater ecosystems. Intensive use of chemical fertilizers in farms and indiscriminate disposal of human and animal waste on land result in leaching of the residual nitrate causing high nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Nitrate concentration is above the permissible level of 45 ppm in 11 states, covering 95 districts and two blocks of Delhi. DDT, BHC, carbamate, Endosulfan, etc. are the most common pesticides used in India. But, the vulnerability of groundwater to pesticide and fertilizer pollution is governed by soil texture, pattern of fertilizer and pesticide use, their degradation products, and total organic matter in the soil.

Issues 3. Ground water Pollution:

Issues 3. Ground water Pollution:

Issues 3. Ground water Pollution:

Issues 3. Ground water Pollution:

Issues
4. Poor management, Population increase, urban growth, crumbling infrastructure and depleting resources:
Today, 70% of Indias irrigation needs and 80% of its domestic water supplies come from groundwater. A number of areas are already in crisis situations: among these are the most populated and economically productive parts of the country. Average water consumption around the world is about 53 liters per head per day. In India, we expect to soon have only about 20 liters available per head per day. We have had droughts for a long time, and now with global climate change, things will become even more difficult. The glaciers are receding from the Himalayan Mountains. They are about one fifth the size they were about 60 years ago.Extending Flood Areas, Depleting Water Resources The waters from the Himalayan glaciers provide water for about 70 percent of all the people in Asia. In India, we have three major rivers - the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra and it is likely that they will drain to small rivers. In most of northern India, there will be no water according to some leading water experts. Right now there are floods. The flood area has increased from 25 million hectares to 60 million hectares in the last 30 years. That is an indication that the water is draining away, and these will become dry areas. This is expected to happen in less than 30 years.

It is observed that a minimum and maximum per capita water supply figure is reported for Kerala state as 12 lpcd and 372 lpcd. It has been assessed that the Unaccounted for water (UFW) through leakage and wastage in Indian cities ranges anywhere between (20-40%) and more than 80% of this occurs in the distribution system and consumer ends. Filter back wash water samples from many of the water treatment plants were collected and analyzed. It can be seen that some of the samples have rather high BOD. The quantity of filter backwash water is normally about 5%. It can easily be recycled to the inlet of water treatment plant, as about 20 times dilution would be available at the inlet. This is being practiced at Peddapur water treatment plant, Hyderabad.

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SOLID WASTE IS OF GREAT CONCERN TO OUR ENVIRONMENT AND SPECIALLY SEWERAGE SYSTEM.

Collecting plastic bags from dumping ground, river side, ponds is a general scene.

FLOODS

PATANA-38 KILLED &1.86 MILLION PEOPLE AFFECTED THIS YEAR-2011

2005-Floods-in-Mumbai-massive flood claimed at least 5,000 lives in the commercial capital of India. A rainfall of 994 mm for 24 hours lashed the city

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Urban Morphology : INDIA: The number of towns and cities have increased to 7935.
Class
Class I Class II Class III

Population Size
1,00,000 and above 50,000 - 99,999 20,000 - 49,999

No. of UAs/Towns

Class IV Class V Class VI Unclassified

10,000 - 19,999 5,000 - 9,999 Less than 5,000

All classes

TOTAL-7935
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URBANIZATIO & PROVIDING SERVICES FOR AN INCLUSIVE SOCIETY

India is urbanizing. Indias urban population as presently defined will be close to 600 million by 2031, more than double that in 2001. Already the number of metropolitan cities with population of 1 million and above has increased from 35 in 2001 to 50 in 2011 and is expected to increase further to 87 by 2031. In the coming decades, the urban sector will play a critical role in the structural transformation of the Indian economy and in sustaining the high rates of economic growth. Cities and towns of India are visibly deficient in the quality of services they provide, even to the existing population. Considering that the Indian economy is now one of the fastest growing economies in the world, and standards are rising, current service levels are too low relative to the needs of urban households. In India-Definitions of Urban : All statutory places with a Municipality, Corporation, Cantonment Board, or Notified Town Area Committee, and all places satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously: (i) a minimum population of 5000; (ii) at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and (iii) a population density of at least 400 per sq. km (1000 per sq. mile). Urban agglomeration is defined as an urban spread constituting a city and its adjoining urban outgrowths or two or more physically contiguous cities/towns together and any adjoining urban outgrowth of such cities/towns

ARE WE SATISFIED WITH PACE OF DEVELOPMENT WE HAVE ACHIEVED TODAY IN INDIA IN SEWERAGE SECTOR? *An estimated 14652 MLD sewage is generated from 112 Class I cities having STPs. The combined treatment capacity of the STPs in these Class I cities is 6047 MLD. Therefore, a capcity gap of 8605 MLD exists in 112 Class I cities having STPs. * An estimated 143 MLD sewage is generated from 22 Class II towns having STPs whereas the combined treatment capacity of the STPs in these 22 Class II towns is 234 MLD. * There remain 302 Class I cities and 467 Class II towns having no sewage treatment facilities. An estimated 11512 MLD sewage is generated from 302 Class I cities not having STPs and 2822 MLD sewage is generated from 467 Class II towns not having STPs.

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India:
For the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in population is more in urban areas that in rural areas

Rural Urban distribution: 68.84% & 31.16%

Level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in 2011 Census

The proportion of rural population declined from 72.19% to 68.84%

India's Total Population 121 Crores. Daily Death - 62389 Daily Birth - 86853
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FACT FILE
Over 20 million people without access to safe water supply and 100 million without safe sanitation, No more than 300 of the country's 7935 cities(INCREASE 0F 2774 CENSUS TOWNS IN 2011) and towns have sewer systems, and many of those systems do not have treatment plants. The bulk of municipal sewage flows untreated into rivers, lakes or the sea. GLOBAL POPULATION-----6,962,900,000 (100 %) INDIAS POPULATION-----1,210,193,422 (17.38%) DURING 1990-2000 GLOBLE POPULATION INCREASED BY 15 % (5.226 TO 6.055 BILLION) IN LAST DECADE INCREASE IN URBAN POPULATION - 27.5 % WHILE RURAL POPULATION INCREASE IS ONLY - 8 % INDIA POPULATION Total : 1,210,193,422 Rural: Urban: 833,087,662 377,105,760 68.84% 31.16%

Census reveals that 17.38% of the world is Indian

Fact File-Water Supply & Sanitation

GLOBLE WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE 83%->U-95% GLOBLE SANITATION COVERAGE 59%->U-80% R-73% R-39%

INDIAS WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE 89%->U-96% INDIAS SANITATION COVERAGE 38%->U-58%

R-82% R-18%
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STATE OF URBAN SEWERAGE &SANITATION The challenge of sanitation in Indian cities is acute. With very poor sewerage IN INDIA (2001 CENSUS)
networks, a large number of the urban poor still depend on public toilets. Many public 4861 out of the 5161 cities/towns in India do not have even a partial toilets have no water supply while the outlets of many others with water supply are not sewerage network. connected to the citys sewerage system. Over 50 million people in urban India Almost cent of households in cities like Bangalore and defecate in 50 the per open every day.

Hyderabad do not have sewerage connections About 18 per cent of urban households do not have access to any form of latrine facility and defecate in the open Less than 20 per cent of the road network is covered by storm water drains MoUD, Government of India (2010b) Only 21 per cent of the waste water generated is treated, compared with 57 per cent in South Africa MoUD, Government of India (2010b) IBNET (2009) Of the 79 sewage treatment plants under state ownership reviewed in 2007, 46 were operating under very poor conditions CII and CEEW (2010)

Must Consider following Points(1/2):

Sewerage system is an intricate Civil Engineering work which is designed for two extreme conditions of minimum flow in the initial range of population and maximum flow for design period loads with conditions of extreme (minimum non silting and maximum non scouring) velocities and depth of flow in the conduit. Sewerage scheme is designed only for DWF i.e. designed as separate system and not as combined system for Techno-economic reasons as practiced in India following guidelines of CPHEEO. In case of combined system we shall have to spend 3.5 times more for collection and transmission of sewage and then also due to dilution of sewage , mal function of STP. A Sewerage System is technically viable if per capita water supply in the area is least 135 lpcd and water supplied through house connections.
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Must Consider following Points(2/2):

Sewerage System is financially viable if the area has reasonable population density.
In case sewer connections are not done for a longer period without any flow , the assets created may become non functional. Project after completion not handed over systematically to Local Body as per provisions,100% sewer connections not given for a longer time.

In any sewerage system waste water is to be collected from house holds in sewer lines and therefore most important component of the system is sewer connections to function the total sewerage system .
There could not be any sewerage system which will prevent pollution from waste water generated from households with out 36 systematically sewer connections done.

More then 75 lakhs packed water bottles Indians buy every day?

We're always looking for solutions for the everyday person to help reduce their need for plastics. Americans throw away over 47 Billion plastic water bottles a year and there is more plastic in the pacific ocean than there is plankton. Why not do our part and stop buying plastic bottled water and start using stainless steel water bottles.
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Issues
5.Corruption:

5.Corruption:

Issues

Political, bureaucratic, corporate and individual corruption in India are major concerns. A 2005 study conducted by Transparency International in India found that more than 55% of Indians had first-hand experience of paying bribes or influence peddling to get jobs done in public offices successfully. In 2010 India was ranked 87th out of 178 countries in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index. The recent scams involving unimaginably big amounts of money, such as the 2G spectrum scam, are well known. It is estimated that more than trillion dollars are stashed away in foreign havens, while 80% of Indians earn less than 2$ per day and every second child is malnourished.It seems as if only the honest people are poor in India and want to get rid of their poverty by education, emigration to cities, and immigration, whereas all the corrupt ones, are getting rich through scams and crime. About one in 10 households paid bribes to regularize their water connection.

Issues
6.Inadequate storage capacity:
Developed, arid countries (United States, Australia) have built over 5000 cubic metres of water storage per capita. Middleincome countries like South Africa, Mexico, Morocco and China can store about 1000 cubic metres per capita. Indias dams can store only 200 cubic metres per person. India can store only about 30 days of rainfall, compared to 900 days in major river basins in arid areas of developed countries.

Issues 7.Aquifer Depletion:

Already about 15% of Indias food is being produced using non-renewable, mined, groundwater.There is clearly an urgent need for action. First, India needs a lot more water infrastructure. Compared to other semi-arid countries, India can store relatively small quantities of its fickle rainfall. New infrastructure needs to be built, from large multipurpose water projects to small community watershed management and rainwater harvesting projects.

Population without access to Safe Sanitation

Sanitation Scenario

In Urban India

26% of the population still defecates in open that

annually generates more than 36

million metric tones

of human excreta which lies in open

38 million metric tones of municipal solid waste are
generated in urban India annually; of which 94% is dumped on land only 5% is composted Unmanaged wastes are also one of the major sources of Greenhouse Gas Emission (GHG) especially methane and carbon dioxide- causes global warming

Availability of Latrine in India - 1991 and 2001 (% HHS)

1991
States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chattisgarh Delhi Gujarat Haryana Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal West Bengal Total 18.4 37.43 11.75 63.38 30.69 22.45 24.13 51.28 15.07 29.56 9.81 33.18 19.57 23.13 18.02 31.51 Rural 6.62 30.53 4.96 29.6 11.16 6.53 6.85 44.07 3.64 6.64 3.58 15.79 6.65 7.17 6.44 12.31 Urban 54.6 86.06 56.54 66.64 65.71 64.25 62.52 72.66 53 64.45 49.27 73.23 62.27 57.47 66.54 78.75 Total 32.99 64.64 19.19 14.2 77.96 44.6 44.5 19.67 37.5 84.01 23.99 35.09 14.89 56.84 29 35.16 31.43 45.2 43.71

2001
Rural 18.15 59.57 13.91 5.18 62.89 21.65 28.66 6.57 17.4 81.33 8.94 18.21 7.71 40.91 14.61 14.36 19.23 31.6 26.93 Urban 78.07 94.6 69.69 52.59 79.03 80.55 80.66 66.68 75.23 92.02 67.74 58.08 59.69 86.52 76.11 64.33 80.01 86.88 84.85

India

23.7

9.48

63.85

36.41

21.92

73.72

Human rights are those basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled and which are essential for human existence; access to water and sanitation are among them. This fact is now officially recognized by the UN Human Rights.

On 30 September 2010, the UN passed a resolution affirming that access to water and sanitation are human rights, making these rights legally binding in international law by nation states.

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India accounts for 2.45% of land area and 4% of water resources of the world but represents 17.38 % of the world population. With the present population growth-rate (1.9 per cent per year), the population is expected to cross the 1.5 billion mark by 2050.

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ISSUES OF CONCERN TODAY We have to bring the new concepts to work in difficult situations and not to neglect in tackling the safe disposal of liquid waste coming out from communities. We must conserve water bodies, natural water flows and aquifers at any cost. Need to change mindset of Engineers and community that services need money and can not be given free, taken for granted. Expenses on water are important but sanitation conditions can not be neglected by reasoning of paucity of funds. Need to think of sanitation in totality of waste water disposal, safe disposal of industrial effluent and solid waste management Rehabilitation of sewerage systems must be taken up in all the cities where the sewerage system exists but has become non-functional. Wastewater treatment must be made mandatory for all sizes of urban canters. Pollution of land or water body with untreated wastewater should be made punishable with fine. Recycling/ reuse of wastewater must be encouraged. Technical and financial assistance must be provided for this, if required. All agencies dealing with wastewater must prepare plans for cost recovery from this service. Private sector participation could be encouraged in managing this service to reduce public expenditure. Successful examples of peoples participation in contributing to the cost of construction of sewerage system (e.g. Alandur) must be examined and adopted in other urban centers of the country.Motivation and public relations , public private participation need to be attracted to bring water and waste water on the platform of business.

1.There are technological solutions to the crisis, but they demand political action. Together they comprise the committed efforts to resolve by WE ALL WATER and ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS for a sustainable world. Nothing unknown or new but to act with commitment. 2.Development presents new challenges and will require sustained work in basic disciplines and integrated systems. We are unlikely to predict the priorities and requirements that will exist in the future and the research plans should reflect this. 3.Stop throwing waste in to the nature -Ban pollution of natural water bodies. 4.Maximize Efficiency of water and waste water systems by proper techno-economic designs ,execution ,O&M & Conservation of water bodies 5.Water & Waste water schemes should be executed simultaneously and connectivity of individual house holds be included in project itself. GoI & State Govts. Should enforce water Departments/agencies to sanction schemes simultaneously with sewerage projects and not in isolation neglecting to tackle 80% of water generated for water supply as waste water. 6.Municipal Service Regulator should be assigned the responsibility of revising user charges regularly. Even when different segments of the population are charged differently, the cross-subsidization should be such that the overall O&M cost is recovered and a minimal surplus generated. ii. User charges to be so structured as to meet O&M cost, debt servicing, and depreciation towards the cost of the project. In addition, they must also generate some surplus to enable building the equity base of ULBs, supported where appropriate, with viability gap funding (VGF) iii. Levy water and sewerage charges separately rather than built into the property tax. 7.Government of India OR body like IWWA should create a Regulatory Guidelines for Water &Waste Water.

FOR TIME AND ATTENTION GIVEN

phadke_sg@yahoo.com
Tel.-R-0755-2499282 Mob. 98262-64526