OTF100001 Digital Microwave Communication Principle ISSUE 1.01

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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
MICROWAVE
SYTEM TRAINING
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Digital Microwave
Communication
Principle
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Foreword
This course is developed for the requirement from OptiX RTN
equipments.
This course mainly introduce the basic knowledge of digital
microwave communication. Engineers can have a basic to
understand the further OptiX RTN equipments after finish the
course.
Learning Guide
Before this course, you may refer to these references first:
SDH Principle
Network Communication Technology
Electromagnetism Basics
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the concept and characters of digital microwave
communication
Describe the theory and function of every parts in the digital
microwave system
List the networking application for digital microwave
systems
List the fadings in microwave propagation
List the common technologies of antifading
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction
3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave
Equipment
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
Transmission Method for Communication
Fiber
Microwave
Satellite
MUX
MUX
Radio
Ter.
Radio
Ter.
Coaxial Cable
Fiber and Microwave transmission
Easy to cross the space, few land
needed, avoid the private land
Optical cable construction,
large land used.
Microwave (MW)
Optical Fiber
Low investment, short period,
easy to maintain
High investment, long
Construction period
Anti-natural disaster strongly ,
easy to be restored fast
Outside cable maintenance,
natural disaster influence
Need to apply the frequency
license
No frequency license required
Performance affected by weather
and landform
Performance stable, less
influence from outside
Low transmission capacity High transmission capacity
Microwave (MW) Definition
Microwave (MW)
A kind of electromagnetic wave.
Radio frequency range is from 300MHz to 300GHz.
Be regard as plane wave.
The electric field and magnetic field exist at vertical of
transmission direction of plane wave. So it is called as
Transverse Electric and Magnetic field wave (TEM).
Digital MW communication concepts
The communication that use microwave as carrier is
microwave communication.
The microwave communication with digital baseband signal
is Digital microwave communication.
There is an intermediate frequency between digital
baseband signal and radio frequency signal.

Developing of MW communication
Note: capacity less than 10M is considered as low capacity, from
10~100M is medium capacity, and more than 100M is large capacity.
155M

34/140M

2/4/6/8M

480 tone
channels

SDH Digital
MW system
PDH Digital
MW System
Medium, low
capacity Digital
MW System
Analog MW
System
Capacity/ch
1950s
1970s
1980s
1990s to now
Frequency Band and Radio
Channel
The common frequency bands :
7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (by ITU-R rec. )
8 5 4 3 2 10 20 1 30 40 50
1.5 2.5GH
z
region
networks
long-distance
backbone network

area and local network,
boundary network

2
8
34
Mbit/
s
2
8
34
140
155
Mbit/
s
3.3 11 GHz
GH
z
34
140
155
Mbit/
s
Channel (cont.)
The central frequency, T/R spacing and channel spacing are
defined in every frequency band.
f
0
(central freq.)
Frequency scope
Channe
l
spacing
f
1

f
2

f
n
f
1

f
2

f
n

Chann
el
spacing
T/R
spacing
T/R spacing
Low frequency band
High frequency
band
Protection
spacing
Adjacent
T/R
spacing
Protection
spacing
Channel (cont.)
f
0
(7575M)
Frequency scope74257725MHz
28M
f
1
=7442 f
5
f
1
=7596 f
2

f
5

T/R spacing:
154M
f
2
=7470
Freq. scope F0 (MHz) T/R spacing (MHz) channel spacing(MHz) High site / low site
7425--7725 7575 154 28 Fn , Fn
7575 161 7
7110--7750 7275 196 28
7597 196 28
7250--7550 7400 161 3.5
.
Modulation modes for Digital MW
The microwave carrier is digital modulated by the baseband
signal.
Digital base band signal
Intermedia frequency
(IF) signal
Base band
Signal
rate
Channel
bandwidth
modulation
Service
signal
Modulation modes for Digital MW
(cont.)
The frequency carrier signal can be described as:

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): A is variable, Wc and are constant
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): Wc is variable, A and are constant
Phase Shift Keying (PSK): is variable, A and Wc are constant
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): A and are variable, Wc is
constant

A*COSWc*t+
Amplitude Frequenc
y
Phas
e
PSK and QAM
are commonly
used in digital
MW
MW Frame Structure
Radio frame complementary overhead (RFCOH):

RFCOH
ATPC
64Kb/s
DMY
64Kb/s
MLCM
11.84Mb/s
RSC
864Kb/s
WS
2.24Mb/s
XPIC
16Kb/s
ID
32Kb/s
INI
144Kb/s
FA
288Kb/s
15.552Mb/s
SOH Payload
STM-1 155.52Mb/s
171.072Mb/s
RSCMW service control
MLCM: Multi-level coded modulation IN: N:1 switch instruction
DMY: Dummy ID:
Identification
XPIC: Cross polarization interference counteract FA: Frame
synchronization
ATPC: Automatic transmitter power control WS Wayside services
MW Frame Structure (cont.)
RFCOH and STM-1 data are blocked by multi-frame, there are six
rows in a multi-frame, 3564 bits per rows. A multi-frame consists
of two sub-frames, and 1776 bits for one row in a sub-frame. The
other 12 bits are used as FS.

Multi-frame 3564bit
Sub-frame 2
1776bit148 units
FS
6bit
Sub-frame 1
1776bit148 units
FS
6bit
6rows
C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I
C2 I I b I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I
C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I C1 I I
C2 I I b I I a I I I I I
12bit first unit 12bit 148
th
unit
ISTM-1 date bit C1,C2: 2 Level error correction monitor bit FS: Frame sync. a,b:
other RFCOH
Questions
What is microwave? What is digital microwave communication

What are the frequency bands commonly used in digital MW?

What are the concepts in digital MW frequency band arrangement ?

What modulation modes is commonly used? What modulation
modes are used in digital MW?
Contents
Equipment
Types of Digital MW Equipment
Digital MW
PDH SDH
split-mount MW
Trunk MW
All-outdoor MW
medium, low
capacity
216E1
34M
Large capacity
STM-0STM-
12 x STM-1
Discontinued
Analog MW
Modes
Capacit
y
Structure
Multiplexing
Trunk MW Equipment
SDH MW Equipment
BRU: Branch of RF unit

MSTU: Main signal transceiver
unit (transceiver, modem, SDH
electric interface, hitless module)
SCSU: surveil, control, switch unit
BBIU: baseband interface unit
(optional: STM-1 optical interface,
C4 PDH interface)
P
M1
M2

All-outdoor MW Equipment
All-outdoor MW equipment
IF and baseband signal
processing unit

IF cable
RF signal processing unit

Service and power cable

Split-mount MW Equipment
split-mount MW equipment
Antenna
RF unit or Outdoor unit
(ODU)
IF Cable
Indoor Unit
Split-mount MW Equipment (cont.)
Antenna: focus RF signal sent by ODU, enlarge
signal gain
ODU: RF signal processingconversion between IF
signal and RF signal.
IF cable: Transmission for IF service signal , ODU
management signal and supply power for ODU.
IDU: service access and distribute, multiple, modem
and so on.
Split-mount MW Equipment -
Installation
Antenna
(ODU)
IF cable

Separate installation
Soft
waveguide
IDU
IF interface
Antenna
ODU
IDU
Direct installation
IF cable
IF interface
Antenna
The antenna propagates the electric wave from transmitter
into one direction, and receive the electric wave. Paraboloid
antenna and Kasai Green antenna are usually used.
The common diameter of antenna are: 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and
3.0m, etc.
Paraboloid antenna Kasai Green antenna
Antenna (cont.)
Several channels in one frequency band can share
one antenna.
Tx
Rx
Tx
Rx
Channel Channel
1
1
n
n
1
1
n
n
Antenna Aligning
Side view
Side
lobe
Rear lobe
Top view
Rear lobe
Side
lobe
Main lobe
Main lobe
Antenna Aligning
Correct
Wrong Wrong
Antenna Specifications
Antenna gain
The input power ratio of isotropic antenna (Pio) to surface
antenna (Pi) when getting the same electric field intensity
at the same point.
It can be calculated by formula( unit: dB) :
Half power angle (3 dB beam width)
From the main lobe deviates to both sides, the points
where the power decrease half are half power point. The
angle between the two half power points is half power
angle.
Approximate calculation formula
is:
q
t
-
|
.
|
\
|
= =
2
D
P
P
G
i
io
D
u ) 70 ~ 65 (
0 0
5 . 0
=
Half power angle
Antenna Specifications (cont.)
Cross polarization discrimination (XPD)
The suppressive intensity of power received from expected
polarization (Po) to the other polarization (Px). It should more than
30db. Formula is:
XdB10lgPo/Px
Antenna protection ratio
It is the ratio of the receiving attenuation in antenna other lobes to
the receiving attenuation in antenna main lobe. The 180 degree
antenna protection ratio also be called as the front / rear protection
ratio.
Outdoor Unit
The main specifications of transmitter
Working frequency band:
One ODU can cover one frequency band or some part of a
frequency band.
Output power:
The power at the output port of transmitter.
The typical range of power is from 15 to 30 dBm.
Outdoor Unit (cont.)
The main specifications of transmitter (cont.)
Frequency stability
The oscillation frequency stability of microwave device is from 3
to 10 ppm.
Transmitting frequency spectrum frame
A restricted frequency scope is frequency spectrum frame.
The main specifications of receiver
Work frequency band:
The receiving frequency of local station is the same with the
remote station.
Frequency stability
The requirement is from 3 to 10ppm.
Noise Figure
The noise figure of digital microwave receiver is from 2.5 to
5dB.
The main specifications of receiver (cont.)
Passband
The typical value is 1 to 2 times of transmission code element
rate.
Selectivity
The suppressing ability against interference beyond transmission
bands
Automatic gain control (AGC) range
Automatic control the gain to keep the same IF output power
level when receiving RF power level shift in a range because of
fading.
Indoor Unit
Accessing service like E1 or STM-1
Processing RFCOH
Conversion signals between baseband and IF
C
a
b
l
e

i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e

From/to
ODU
Tx IF
Rx IF
modulat
ion
demodul
ation
Multiplex of
microwave
frame
Demultiplex
of microwave
frame
Service
accessing
IF unit
Service
channel
Service
channel
DC/DC convert
Monitor and
control unit
Interface
of OM
Questions
What are the classification of digital MW equipment

What components are there in the split-mount digital MW
equipmentWhat are the functions of them?

What are the main parameters of antenna

What are the parameters of ODU transmitter and receiver

Summary
Classification of digital microwave equipment
Functions of the components in split-mount digital MW
equipment
Parameters of antenna
Parameters of ODU
Function of IDU
Contents
Equipment
Common Networking Application
Ring
Point to point
link
Add / drop
link
Tree
Types of Digital MW Stations
The digital MW station includes terminal station, relay
station and pivotal station
Terminal
station
Terminal
station
Terminal
station
Pivotal
station
Pivotal
station
Relay
statio
n
Types of Relay Stations
Relay
station
Active
Passive
Parabolic reflectors

Plane reflector
Regenerative relay

IF relay

RF relay
Active Relay Stations
RF direct station:
Amplifying MW signal at RF band bidirectionally without
frequency shift.
Regenerative relay station:
It extends the MW propagation distance and change direction
to round the obstacles.
Passive Relay Stations
Parabolic reflectors:
It consists of two parabolic antennas which are connected
back to back with a section of waveguide.
Plane reflectors:
A metal panel with a smooth surface and effective acreage.
Passive Relay (actual picture)
Plane reflectors
Parabolic reflectors
Application of Digital MW
Supplement
for optical
network (the
last mile
access)
Backhaul
transmission
for mobile
BTS
Critical link
backup
VIP customer
access
Emergency
communication
large activity,
crisis
Special
transmission
situation (river,
lake, island)
Microwave
application
Questions
Which network application are commonly used by digital
MW?

What types of stations are there in the digital MW system?

What types of the relay stations are there?

What are the applications for digital MW system?

Contents
Equipment
Contents
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
4.2 Antifading Technologies

Factors Affect MW Propagation
Landform:
The reflection from land affect receiving signal from main direction

4 types of the landform:
A: mountainous region (or the region of dense buildings)
B: foothill (the fluctuation of ground is gently)
C: flatland
D: large acreage of water

Direct
Reflection
Direct
Reflection
Factors Affect MW Propagation (cont.)
Atmosphere and weather:
Atmosphere absorption mainly affect the microwave whose
frequency is over 12 GHz.
Refraction, reflection, dispersion in the troposphere.
Scattering and absorption loss caused by rain, fog and snow.
It mainly affect the microwave whose frequency is over 10
GHz.
Classification of the Fading
mechanism
Absorption
loss
Fading of rain and fog
Scintillation
fading
K facter fading
Duct Type fading
Sustained
duration
Received
level
Effect
Fast Fading
Slow Fading
Upward
Fading
Downward fading
Flat
fading
Frequency selective
fading
Fading in free
space
Fading
mechanism
Absorption
loss
Fading of rain and fog
Scintillation
fading
K facter fading
Duct Type fading
Sustained
duration
Received
level
Fast Fading
Slow Fading
Upward
Fading
Downward fading
Flat
fading
Frequency selective
fading
Fading in free
space
Fading
Free Space Fading
Formula: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f
d = distance in km f = frequency in GHz

Power
Level
PTX = Output power
G = Antenna gain
A = Free space loss
M = Fading Margin
P
TX

distance
GTX GRX

P
RX

A
M
Receiving threshold
G
d
G
f
PRX = Receiving
power
Absorption Loss
It is mainly caused by atmosphere.

Rain & Fog Fading
Generally, different frequency band has different loss.
less than 10 GHz, its fading caused by rain and fog is not
serious.
over 10 GHz, relay distance is limited by fading caused by
rains.
over 20GHz, the relay distance is only about several
kilometers for the rain & fog fading.

K Factor Fading
A equivalent radius: Re=KR (R is the real radius of
earth).
the value of K is depend on the local meteorological
phenomena
R
e
R
Scintillation Fading
The particle cluster formed in local atmosphere for
pressure, temperature or humidity is different as other area,
and the electric wave is scattered by it.
sketch map of Scintillation fading
Duct Type Fading
When electric waves pass the atmospheric waveguide,
super reflection occurs.
sketch map of Duct Type fading
Multi-Path Propagation and Fading
The receiving paths
includes direct path and
other reflection paths.
Multi-path fading is caused
by the signals interference
from different propagation
paths
Ground
Flat Fading
1 h
Receive
level in
free space
Threshol
d
(-30dB )
Signal
interruption
Upward
fading
Fast
fading Slow
fading
Frequency Selective Fading
Freq. (MHz)
R
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g

p
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
m
)

Normal
Flat
Selective fading
Frequency selective fading will cause the in-band distortion
and decrease system original fading margin.
Contents
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
4.2 Antifading Technologies

Antifading Technologies
Types Improving effects
Antifading
technologies
related with
device

Adaptive Equalization Wave shape distortion
Cross Polarization Interference
Counteract
Wave shape distortion

Automatic Transmit Power
Control
Power reduction
Forward Error Correct Power reduction
Antifading
technologies
related with
system
Diversity receive technologies
Wave shape distortion
and Power reduction
Adaptive Frequency Equalization
Signal
spectrum
Multi-path fading
Slope
frequency
domain
equalization
Spectrum
after
equalization
Adaptive Time Equalization
Before
Equalizatio
n

T T T
After
Equalization
C-n C0 Cn
Ts
-Ts -2Ts
Ts
-Ts -2Ts
Automatic Transmit Power Control
ATPC is used to reduce interference to adjacent system,
upward-fading, DC power consumption and refine characteristic
of residual error rate.
modulator transmitte
r
receiver
demodulato
r
ATPC
receiver
ATPC
transmitte
r
modulator
demodulato
r
XPIC
XPIC is cross-polarization interference counteracter.
Direction of
electric
field
Horizontal
polarization
Vertical
polarization
Frequency configuration in U6GHz bandITU-R F.384-5

30MH
z
80MHz
60MHz
340 MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

680MH
z

V (H)
H (V)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

30MH
z

80MHz
60MHz
340MH
z
680 MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
V (H)
H (V)
1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1X 2X 3X' 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X
Diversity Reception
Diversity reception is used to minimize the effects of
fading. It includes:
Space diversity (SD)
Frequency diversity (FD)
Polarization diversity
Angle diversity
Frequency Diversity
The merit is only need one set of feeder and antenna, but
its demerit is that utilization of frequency band is low.
f1
f2
Space Diversity
The merit is saving frequency resource, but demerit is
system is complex and need two or more sets of feeder
and antenna.
f1
Other Antifading Methods
blocking the reflected wave by some terrain or obstacles.
Other Antifading Methods (cont.)
Different height antennas in one hop.
Questions
What are the factors which affect microwave propagation?

What types of the fading are there in microwave
propagation?

What types of antifading technologies can be used?

Summary
Digital microwave communication definitions.
Frequency bands and radio channel arrangement
Structure and function of digital microwave equipment
Application of digital microwave communication
Microwave propagation and fading
Antifading technologies
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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