Presentation on Well Stimulation by Hydro Fracturing

Presented by: 1) Sunil Deshpande 2) V. Sarath Chandra Dabbiru 3) Priyank Raj Singh 4) Bhupendra Kumar Patel

5) Nizamuddin Khan

Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing is the common stimulation treatment for increasing productivity.

GOAL:
Enhance production reservoirs. from low permeability

Enhance the connection between wellbore and reservoir by creating a conductive flow path

Motivation for fracturing

Q= koh p 141.2oBo[ln(re/rw)+S]

Fractures enlarge effective wellbore radius rw Fractures creates flow path with increased k Fractures remove skin S

Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing involves several coupled physical mechanisms
Rock deformation Fluid flow inside fracture Fluid leak-off Fracture propagation Proppant transport

Understanding these mechanisms and their interrelationships provides a starting point for understanding hydraulic fracture growth behavior.

Fracture Fluid Properties

Reservoir Compatiblity Low leak off rate Ability to carry the propping agent Low friction loss Easy removal from the formation Stability at reservoir condition Availability Safety Cost economics

Good Candidate for Fracturing

Sufficient Recoverable Reserves Sufficient Reservoir Pressure Low Permeability (Less Than 10 mD) O/W And O/G Not Very Close Good Cementation

GENERAL CRITERIA FOR WELL SELECTION

State of depletion of producing formation Formation composition & consolidation Formation permeability Formation thickness Isolation of the zone to be treated Condition of well equipment Production history of the well Location of water, oil-water and gas-oil contacts

Physical Process

Fluid is pumped into the reservoir under high pressure (PAD)

Formation fractured
Subsequently fluid with proppants

(slurry) pumped

Propagate

the

fracture to required

dimension

Flush the tubing with clean fluid Shut in for fracture closure

Fracture Initiation & Propagation

Fracture initiation as pumping of fluid is started

Fracture propagation with fluid Proppant enters fracture as it is suspended in the frac fluid

Time during fracture treatment

Proppant advances further into the fracture as pumping continues

Proppant advances further in the fracture and may reach the tip of the fracture

Pumping of the fluid/proppant mixture is stopped and fluid continues to leak away into the permeable formation

Formation closes on proppant and a conductive path

remains in the reservoir

Fracture Initiation & Propagation

PAD

Breakdown the perforations Initiate fracture Develop width required for proppant

Sometimes use extra-viscous pre-pads

Small pads may not develop sufficient width

for proppant, potentially causing screen-outs

Excessive pad may delay closure for a significant period of time, allowing proppant convection out of zone.

Proppant Slurry

Immediately follow the pad Slurry is clean fracturing fluid mixed with proppant

Continue to generate length and width

Start proppant at 1 - 3 ppg Slowly increase proppant concentrations Perforation and near - wellbore may not accept higher concentrations of proppant early in the treatment

Erode the perforation and the formation

Flush

Immediately follows the proppant stages

Pump clean (non-sand-laden) fluid to displace the proppant to formation from tubing and wellbore

Use low friction, economical fluid

Pressure in Fracture Treatment

Idealized Surface Pressure and Rate response during an HF treatment

Thank You