Monitoring Equipment

Training Session on Energy Equipment
Monitoring Equipment
Presentation from the Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia www.energyefficiencyasia.org
1 UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment

Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers
Water flow meters

Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters
2 UNEP 2006
Monitoring Equipment: Introduction

Have you used any before?
Why do we need them? Can we do without them?
How accurate should they be?

What properties should they posses?
3 UNEP 2006
Electrical Measuring Instruments What Do They Do?

Measure electrical parameters: KVA, kW, power factor, Hertz, KVAr, Amps and Volts, harmonics Hand-held meters: instant measurements
Advanced facilitates: cumulative readings with printouts at specified intervals
4 UNEP 2006
Electrical Measuring Instruments What do they do?

The HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitester measures:
- Voltage - Current - Voltage/current peak - Effective / reactive / apparent power (single-phase or 3phase) - Power factor - Reactivity
- Phase angle
- Frequency, - Phase detection(3-phase)
- Voltage/current harmonic levels (up to 20th)

5 UNEP 2006
Electrical Measuring Instruments Where are they used?

These instruments are applied online to measure various electrical parameters
HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitester

www.hioki.co.jp
6 UNEP 2006
Electrical Measuring Instruments How to use them?

Three leads with crocodile clips: red, yellow and black (RYB)
Used to measure voltage
Need naked wires

www.electricfence-online.co.uk/ishop/1047/shopscr91.html
7 UNEP 2006

Clamp that can open and close
Used to measure current Need insulated wire
HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitester www.hioki.co.jp
8 UNEP 2006

Only the combination of clamp and crocodile clips give other measurements Power
Power factor Frequency Etc.
9 UNEP 2006

Measurements are taken at the junction or distribution box
Electricity distribution to different equipment Live and neutral wires visible Insulated and naked wires available
10 UNEP 2006
Electrical Measuring Instruments

Current measurement
Clamp sensor Live wire
Neutral wire
Display
11 UNEP 2006

Voltage measurement
Live wire
Neutral wire
Display
12 UNEP 2006

Measurement of all electrical parameters on 3-phase, 4-wire circuit
13 UNEP 2006
Electrical Measuring Instruments Precautions

Never attach the clamp to a circuit operating > maximum rated voltage, or over bare conductors
Connect clamp on probe to the secondary side of a breaker/fuse Use rubber hand gloves, boots, and safety helmet to avoid electrical shocks
Consult the operation manual before using the equipment

14 UNEP 2006

Water flow meters

15 UNEP 2006
Combustion Analyzer What does it do?

Measures the products of combustion:
CO CO2
NOx
SOx O2 Fly ash, soot, others
16 UNEP 2006
Combustion Analyzer
What does it do?
Measures the composition of flue gases after combustion in percentage Measure % oxygen or % CO2 in the flue gases. If one is measured, the other can most often be calculated Combustion efficiency can be calculated with an inbuilt programme
17 UNEP 2006
Combustion Analyzer
Fuel Efficiency Monitor
18
www.fuelefficiencyllc.com/ feinc1.jpg
UNEP 2006
Combustion Analyzer Fyrite
omnicontrols.com/ lists/gifs/Bach5.gif
19 UNEP 2006
Combustion Analyzer
Gas Analyzer
Bacharach Fyrite Pro Combustion Gas Analyzer www.apexinst.com/ assetsnew/Fyrite-pro.gif
20 UNEP 2006
Combustion Analyzer Where is it used?

Any equipment where combustion takes place: boilers, furnaces Measurements are taken in the duct Measurements are used to identify efficiency, leakages
21 UNEP 2006
Combustion Analyzer How to use them: Gas Analyzer

Probe
Display screen
22
www.apexinst.com/ assetsnew/Fyrite-pro.gif
UNEP 2006
Combustion Analyzer Precautions
Always calibrate the instrument in open fresh air before taking measurements
Check for clogging of the air filters Ensure that the rubber tubing carrying the gases to the instrument is not bended Plug the open space of monitoring hole with cotton rags
Use gloves, goggles and safety helmet

Consult the operating manual before use
23 UNEP 2006

Water flow meters

24 UNEP 2006
Manometers What does it do?

Measure the differential pressure across two points
Positive pressure
Negative pressure (vacuum)

The liquid-column manometer is the oldest type: a U-shaped tube half-full of liquid
Liquid: oil, water, mercury

A barometer is a manometer!!
25 UNEP 2006
Manometers
What does it do - Principles
h
aa b b
Source: Dwyer Instruments, www.dwyer-inst.com
h
c
c
26 UNEP 2006
Manometers Where is it used?

To measure pressure differential in air pipes, water pipes, gas pipes Of various equipment, mainly compressors, pumps, and draft systems
27 UNEP 2006
Manometers How to operate them main types of manometers

1) Single-limb Liquid-column Manometer
2) Flexible Membrane Manometer 3) Coiled Tube Manometer
28 UNEP 2006
Manometers
How to use a manometer: air pipes and ducts
Flexible Membrane Manometer Manometer
29 UNEP 2006
Manometers
Turn on Select measurement unit Measured value appears on screen
Dwyer Series 477 Handheld Digital Manometer, www.dwyer.co.kr
Probes
Display screen
30 UNEP 2006
Manometers
Bournoulli equation to calculate velocity: Differential pressure = v2/2g, where
Differential pressure: measured v = velocity
g = gravity
Velocity air flow efficiency fans/blowers etc
31 UNEP 2006
Manometers How to use a manometer: water pipes
10 m Water pipeline
32 UNEP 2006
Manometers
How to use a manometer: water pipes
Differential pressure = f Lv2/2gD, where
Differential pressure: measured f = friction factor of pipe L = distance between two tappings V = velocity D = pipe diameter g = gravity
Velocity flow rate efficiency of pump

33 UNEP 2006
Manometers
Precautions
Do not expose the manometer to very high pressures Always consult the operating manual before use
34 UNEP 2006

Water flow meters

35 UNEP 2006
Thermometers What a thermometer does

Measures temperatures of any Fluid Surface Gas Two types: Contact: clinical and thermocouple
Non-contact or infrared
36 UNEP 2006
Thermometers Where thermometers are used

Measure the temperature of for example:
Ambient air Refrigeration plant incl. compressors and cooling towers: e.g. chilled water, air Boilers: surface, flue gases, steam pipes, feed water, condensate water
Furnaces: surface, flue gas, cooling water

Waste heat recovery: gas, water
37 UNEP 2006
Thermometers
Where a Thermocouple is used
Measuring temperature of air, liquids and gases
Generally not used for surfaces
Type: AZ RS232, K, J, T thermometer
38 UNEP 2006
Thermometers
How to operate a Thermocouple
Turn on Insert probe
Read temperature on display Wait 2 min for stable reading

Type: AZ RS232, K, J, T thermometer
39 UNEP 2006
Thermometers Where is it used?

Any equipment where combustion takes place: boilers, furnaces Measurements are taken in the duct Measurements are used to identify efficiency, leakages
40 UNEP 2006
Thermometers
Where a non-contact / infrared thermometer is used
Measure temperature of surfaces only Used for: Moving objects Contamination, voltage, electromagnetic field, vacuum Large distances/heights Too high temperatures for thermocouples
41 UNEP 2006
Thermometers
How to operate a non-contact / infrared thermometer
Turn on
Point to surface
Read on panel
Hioki Non-contact Temperature Hi Tester, model 3415-01 www.tequipment.net
42 UNEP 2006
Thermometers
Precautions
Thermocouple: Immere probe in fluid/gas and only read measure after 1-2 minutes
Note temperature range before you start

Do not touch naked flame with the probe Infrared: Set the emissivity for the surface where temperature is measured
43 Always consult the operating manual before use UNEP 2006

Water flow meters

44 UNEP 2006
Water Flow Meters How water flow is measured

Water meter: measures flow rate of a liquid or a gas
Time of fill method: tank volume is divided by time to fill the tank Float method: distance ping pong ball traveled divided by travel time
45 UNEP 2006
Water Flow Meters Where a water flow is used

Water flow rate is measured to determine the efficiency of
Pumps
Cooling towers
Refrigeration / AC plant Heat exchangers
Condensers
46 UNEP 2006
Water Flow Meters How to operate water flow meters

Water flow meters used to measure water flow in open channels:
Turbine flow meters Parallel wheels Positive displacement flow meters
47 UNEP 2006

Water flow meters that are permanently installed on water pipelines:
Rotameter Spring and piston flow meter Vortex meters
48 UNEP 2006

Water flow meters that not permanently installed on water pipelines
Ultrasonic flow meters
www.rshydro.co.uk
49 UNEP 2006

Water flow meters

50 UNEP 2006
Speed Measurement: Tachometers and Stroboscopes
What tachometers and stroboscopes do and where they are used

Measure speed of a rotating object in revolutions per minute (RPM) Used for motors, fans, pulleys
Tachometers: direct contact

Stroboscopes: direct contact not possible or not safe
51 UNEP 2006
Speed Measurement: Tachometers and Stroboscopes
How to operate a tachometer

Turn on
display panel
Bring wheel in contact with rotating body

Read RPM on display panel
Extech Contact/Laser Photo Tachometer, model 461995-NIST. www.mytoolstore.com/extech/tachndx.html
wheel
52 UNEP 2006
Speed Measurement
How to operate a stroboscope
Mark line on rotating object Point stroboscope at object Change flashing light until marked line stops moving Read RPM on display panel
53
Source: Reliability Direct, Inc. UNEP 2006
Speed Measurement Precautions

Be careful when bringing the wheel of the tachometer in contact with the rotating body
Do not wear loose clothes while taking measurements with a tachometers Avoid taking measurements alone Always consult the operating manual before use
54 UNEP 2006

Water flow meters

55 UNEP 2006
Leak Detectors What does a leak detector do

Detects the location of leaks Detects almost any leak because
Short distance/access not needed

High pressure not needed Sensitive to sound Filters background noises
56 UNEP 2006
Does not measure the size of the leak
Leak Detectors Where is a leak detector used

For measuring Compressed air leaks Refrigerant leaks
But no leak detector will find every leak!!
57 UNEP 2006
Leak Detectors
How to operate a leak detector
Turn on and put on headphones monitoring device
Move probe along pipeline

Mark locations where hissing sound is heard
headphones
probe
Type: Accutrack Ultrasonic Leak Detector, model VPE
58 UNEP 2006
59
Leak Detectors Precautions

Dust or smoke should not come out of the pipe
Avoid measurement at places with high sound levels Always consult operating manual
60 UNEP 2006

Water flow meters

61 UNEP 2006
Lux Meters What do Lux meters do and where are they used
Measures illumination (light) levels at
Offices
Industrial plants Streets All other (work) places
62 UNEP 2006
Lux Meters
How to operate lux meters
Consist of a body, a photo cell and a readout/display panel Lux meters readings vary for different light sources Display panel
Body
Photo cell
63 UNEP 2006
Lux Meters Where & How Its Used?

Turn on the lux meter Place sensor where the light intensity is to be measured Read illumination levels on the display panel
64 UNEP 2006
Lux Meters Precautions
Place sensor properly on the workstation

Store the sensor safely due its high sensitivity
Always consult the operating manual
65 UNEP 2006
Training Session on Energy Equipment
Monitoring Equipment
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
66 UNEP GERIAP
Disclaimer and References

This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of the project Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific (GERIAP). While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. UNEP, 2006. The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is 67 available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org
UNEP 2006

Monitoring Equipment

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Monitoring Equipment

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Training Session on Energy Equipment

Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment

Water flow meters