Module II

Data Collection and Analysis

Types of Data
Primary data: This is data collected originally for the first time. Being fresh from the field of investigation, it is very often termed as raw data.

Secondary data: It is that which is in actual existence in accessible records, being already collected and treated statistically by those maintaining the records.

Methods of Collecting Primary Data

Primary data can be collected by any of the following methods:
Direct personal interview
More accurate and reliable Permits explanation of questions Response rate is high Evaluation of the reliability of respondents can be done Method is time consuming and result can be adversely effective by personal biases

 Telephone survey:
Less time consuming in comparison of previous method It can be applied on extensive field of enquiry Method excluded when the respondent do not have telephone and also personal bias is involved

Indirect personal interview:

In this method data is collected from the third person who is directly or indirectly concerned with the enquiry

 This method highly depends upon the knowledge,

character of the respondent as well as ability of interviewer

Information received through local agent:

In this method data collection is done by local agents commonly known as correspondents. These agents collect information and transmit to the investigator. This method is useful if the purpose of investigation is to obtain rough and approximate estimates

Mailed questionnaire method:

In this method questionnaires are sent by post to the

respondent containing a number of questions pertaining the field of enquiry The method is very cost effective and personal bias of the investigator is removed This method depend upon the respondents i.e whether the respondents are educated or not, respondents are interested in giving the information or not and so on

Questionnaire sent through enumerators:

Enumerators are agents who go to the respondents with the questionnaire and ask questions to them

 This is generally used by large public enterprises, research institutions etc More reliable Technique is useful even if respondent is illiterate Accuracy of the information can be effectively check by the respondent The success of the method depends upon the efficiency of the enumerators

Secondary Data
The sources of secondary data are broadly classified into two groups :
Published Source
There are number of national/international agencies which collect and publish data related to business, production, consumption etc eg: Publication of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (I.C.A.R), Newspaper and periodicals like Economic Times, Statesman Year Book

 Unpublished Sources:
Many private firms also maintain records for their own organization and may not like to release their data. Research scholar and researcher in the University and Research Institute may also give statistical data.

Questionnaire Method
Questionnaire is described as a document that contains a set of questions , the answers of which are to be provided personally by the respondents. Questionnaire is the structured set of questions usually sent by mail , though sometimes it is delivered by hand also.

Designing a Questionnaire
Covering letter. Number of questions should be as small as possible. Questions should be logically arranged. Questions of sensitive nature should be avoided. Difficult words should be avoided as far as possible. One should avoid combining two questions into one. Questions lacking specificity should be avoided. Answer to questions should not require calculations. Instructions to the informants. Questions should be capable of objective answers.

Classification
Classification is the process of arranging data into sequences and groups according to their common characteristics, or separating them into different but related parts.

Presentation of data
Bar diagram Pie Chart Histogram Frequency polygon Ogive

1.Bar Diagram:
It comprises a series of bars of equal width. The bars stand on a common base line, the heights of the bars being proportional to the frequency of the Interval. The following data gives the distribution of 215 MBA students at a mgmt institute acc to edu. Qual.
Educational Qualification B.Tech B.Com B.Sc No. of Students 55 70 25

B.A
C.A

45
20

No. of students
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 B.Tech B.Com B.Sc B.A C.A

No. of students

2. Subdivided Bar Chart:

In the below example the information about the cities from where the students have graduated is also given. Educational Qualification B.tech B.com B.Sc B.A C.A Metro 15 35 10 15 10 Large 25 20 10 10 5 Medium 15 15 5 20 5

80 70 60 50 40

30
20 10 0 B.tech B.com B.Sc B.A C.A

Medium Large Metro

3. Multiple Bar Chart:

Two or more bars are placed together for each entity to give comparative assessment.

We consider the following data giving sales of top market brands among pain killers in India.
Pain Killer Voveran Calpol Nise Combiflam Dolonex Sumo 2005 16.5 13.2 15.2 9.4 6.8 5.1 2006 23.2 18.2 18.6 14.1 10.3 7.4

Volini Moov
Nimulid

6.9 3.8
3.5

9.6 4.9
4.9

25 20 15 10 5 0 Series1 Series2

PIE Chart: It is the most popular chart for presenting the whole into parts. It is a circular chart divided into sectors representing relative magnitude of various components. A pie chart is obtained by dividing a circle into sectors such that these sectors have center angles proportional to different components given in the data. The total angle at the center is 360 degree.

Percentage of total

Excise Customs Corporate Tax Income tax Service tax Others