Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Output
Gives processed information to a user. Output can either be softcopy or hardcopy.
Input
Data from the user to the computer
Keyboard
Traditional
Looks like typewriter with extra keys
Non-traditional
Fast food restaurants Each key represents a food item rather than a character
Keyboard
Function Keys
Main Keyboard
Give commands
Software specific
Typewriter keys
Special command keys
Keyboard
Numeric Keys
Num Lock toggle On numeric data & math symbols Off cursor movement
Types of Keyboards
Alphanumeric
QWERTY
due to the layout of the letter keys
DVORAK
has an alternative layout designed to improve typing speed - the most frequently used keys are placed in the middle - not very widely used keyboard
DVORAK KEYBOARD
Enhanced have 12 function keys along the top, 2 CTRL keys, 2 ALT keys and a set of arrow and additional keys.
Wireless keyboard
transmit data via infrared light waves or radio waves (bluetooth)
Pointing Devices
Position a pointer / cursor on the screen
Controls drawing instruments in graphics applications
Features
Palm-sized 1 or 2 buttons Wheel / LED
Mouse
wheel button
ball
mouse pad
Mouse
Optical mouse has no moving parts inside, it emits and senses light to detect movement. - No need for a mouse pad
Touch areas of screen with finger Often used in ATMs, kiosks, hotels, stores, airports
What is a scanner?
Pen or Handheld
Sheet-fed
Drum
Optical Scanners
Optical recognition
Light beam scans input data Most common type of source input
Types of Scanners
Flatbed
One sheet at a time Scans bound documents Motorized rollers Sheet moves across scanning head Small, convenient size Less versatile than flatbed Prone to errors
Sheetfeed
Types of Scanners
Handheld
Pen or Handheld
Least expensive Least accurate Portable User must move the scanner in a straight line at a fixed rate Wide document causes problems
Optical Recognition
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
Mark sensing Exams Recognizes the location of the marks Direct thin light beams onto paper w/c reflect or absorb depending on pencil mark
MICR
Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition
Read characters made of magnetic particles Numbers on the bottom of checks MICR inscriber adds characters to check that show amount cashed
Inexpensive
Reliable Where Used?
Supermarket Federal Express
Digital Cameras
Photos stored in electronic form No film
Voice Input
Speech Recognition Speech recognition devices
Input via a microphone Voice converted to binary code
Problems
Speaker-dependent Voice training
Biometric Input
What is biometrics?
Biometric Input
What are examples of biometric technology?
Voice verification system compares live speech with stored voice pattern Signature verification system recognizes shape of signature
Iris recognition system reads patterns in blood vessels in back of eye (retinal scanner)
Biometric data is sometimes stored on smart card, which stores personal data on microprocessor embedded in card
Output
Information for the user
Types
Screen soft copy Printer hard copy Voice Sound Graphics
Monitor
Data that is entered appears on the screen Screen is part of the monitor Produces the soft copy
Monitor
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Flat panel display Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Light Emitting Diode (LED)
CRT
Raster scanning
Sweeping electron beams across the back of the screen
CRT
Resolution
Clarity of image Pixel (Picture element)
Dot on screen Is addressable Can be illuminated More pixels means higher resolution
Dot pitch
Vertical distance between each pixel Smaller distance means better quality image
CRT
Refresh rate / scan rate
Speed at which image is redrawn on the screen
if the refresh rate is low, then the image will flicker w/c can cause headaches
80-100 times per second adequate for clear screen image
CRT
Interlaced vs. Non-interlaced
Interlaced
Refresh every other line on each pass Lower refresh rate without flicker Good for fixed graphics Causes flutter with animated graphics Inexpensive
Non-interlaced
Refresh every line on each pass Typical screen sold today Less flicker
CRT
Color vs. Monochrome
Color
Typical monitor sold today (RGB)
Monochrome
Green or amber on a contrasting background Less expensive than color
CRT
Graphics Card/Graphics Adapter Board
Plugs into expansion slot on motherboard
Graphics card and monitor must be compatible for high quality image
CRT
Size
Measured diagonally Typical sizes
Office user: 15-17 inch High-powered graphics user: 19 inch High-end monitors: 21 inches and up More expensive More space on desktop Reduces eye strain
Larger size
Graphics Standards
Help insure that the products work together PCs Monitor Graphics boards Software
Graphics Standards
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
Resolution 320 x 200 pixels in 256 colors or 640 x 480 pixels in 16 colors
Graphics Standards
XGA (Extended Graphics Array)
High Resolution 1024 x 768 pixels with 256 colors or 640 x 480 with 65,536 colors Supports more simultaneous colors Allows non-interlaced monitors
Graphics Standards
MDA (Monochrome Graphics Adapter)
Resolution 720 x 350 pixels in 1 color
Flat-panel Screens
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Primarily on laptops Moving to desktop Skinny (depth) regardless of size
Flat-panel Screens
Crisp, brilliant images Easy on eyes No flicker Full dimension is useable More expensive that CRT monitors
Flat-panel Screens
Active Matrix Thin-film transistor technology (TFT) Transistors for each pixel Brighter image Viewable from an angle
Passive Matrix Fewer transistors Cheaper Less power
Advantages of Monitors Faster than a printer Less noisy than printer Paper not wasted Allow you to correct/edit data before it is saved on computer. Disadvantages of Monitors Eye strain No permanent hardcopy (gives temporary/soft copy)
Printer
Produces information on paper Orientation
Portrait Landscape
Methods of printing
Impact Nonimpact
Impact Printers
Most widely used
The print mechanism strikes the paper thru an ink ribbon which marks a character on the paper
Impact Printers
Line printer
One line at a time High volume Low quality
Dot-matrix printer
One character at a time
Non-Impact Printer
Uses thermal heat, photographic (xerographic), electrostatic, or light to print Does not require physical contact w/ the paper
Very fast More expensive
Nonimpact Printer
Choose based upon: Speed
Quality
Black and white vs. color
Price
Sound
Creates multimedia output Multiple sight and sound effects Speakers Sound card
Convert data in storage to vocalized sounds Synthesis by analysis human sounds are stored and reproduced as needed Synthesis by rule creates artificial speech