Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Marcus O. Durham Robert A. Durham THEWAY Corp / U of Tulsa Central & Southwest Srvcs, WTU
GROUNDING Introduction
Common
35 pp requirements -- not design RP industrial -- not electronics RP power quality sensitive equip shield & shunt discharges - not devices requirements & design procedures
35 pp requirements -- not design RP industrial -- not electronics RP power quality sensitive equip shield & shunt discharges - not devices requirements & design procedures
present problem Environment influences effectiveness of system Analysis investigates alternatives & unique Summary brief response to situation
diff common (-) to remote gnd signal current fluctuation Cloud crossing creates potential varies w / location under storm Strike = saturate ground system elevated potential to outside
= equipotential Egress = difference Trigger protectors short time Dump excessive transient I on lines Time - delay on response Isolate remote ground , metallic bonding wont
input cards Multi - conductor cable Surges induced on every wire Analog in more susceptible to spurious Digital less prone but surges coupled Never let float
Load on unused Join intermediate terminals Open field ends Care to isolate shield from other ground
Digital In
Digital Out
Analog In
Analog Out
GND
LOAD
250 W
xmitters in yard Existing unshielded cable - entry lightning energy Effective grounds in plant & yard No strike lose DCS input Close strike to towers, tanks severe differential voltage lose transmitter also
unshielded cable Common mode DCS Differential mode xmitter In - line both MOV 36 V, 160 J Woops, commercials ground protector
MOV
ground potential Isolate signal & protection Prefer fiber Twisted - pair, shield 1 end 2 Com, 1 Dif MOV
tube MOV or Transzorb Inductor comm type frequency / baud length V & I
+
_ s
+
_
xmitter
+
_ s Isolated Signal Ground
+
_
-24V (gnd)
wire
xmitter
I S D I S
panel
digital inputs
together Do not crop to jacket Insulate individual ends Do not touch metal Terminate on shield strip Single point ground
+ _
Source H N G
120V
Load H N G
V motor 70 ft above earth 5 kv unshielded triplex In tray & conduit Acts as antenna 2 grounding conductors
arrestors on terminals
tallest structure More conductive than others Bond around base pins Bond framework 1 / 0 AWG Non - corrosive terminals Gound guy wires
- race ring If > 50 ft, criss - cross Bond to existing grid Radials 1 / 0 AWG 5 ft rods, 20 ft spacing
formula R = [ p / 191.5 b] [ ln ( 48 b / a ) - 1 ] R = 177 ohm , 1 rod R = 76 ohm, 3 rods > 25 ohm >> 5 ohm
moisture Alkalinity free ions Resistivity 3000 ohm - cm 1 rod 10.6 ohm 3 rod 4.6 ohm
ACME CONCRETE
panel outdoors Overhead distribution, 277 / 480 Y gnd 5 / 8 x 8 rod Occasional shocks Inspected returned to service
pinch ~ 50 ohm Circulating I = 1 amp Two ground paths Gnd rod ~ 25 ohm Body ~ 40,000 to 1,000 ohm
277/480 v
120 v
Install lo Z ground
CURRENT IMPACT
MA 1 8 15 20 50 100 Physiology sensation painful shock cant let go possible damage ventricular fibrillation probable death
REVIEW
Grounding systems Various environments Diverse problems Common solutions Little things mean a lot
SUMMARY
1. 2. 3. 4. Environment - thunderstorms vs hits Earth resistivity - multiple in concrete Equipotential network Single point connection power neutral signal common shield
SUMMARY
5. 6. 7. 8. Bond metal Protection devices Bond to chassis vs isolate remote Terminate unused short in load out bond wires