Solutions, Chemical Reagents and Laboratory Supplies

Franz Lenard D. Barreto, RMT

Solutions
Solute + Solvent Solute = analyte Solvent = Plasma, Serum, CSF, Urine, Effusion, etc. Basic Properties:
1. Concentration 2. Saturation 3. Colligative Properties 4. Redox Potential 5. Conductivity 6. Density 7. pH 8. Ionic Strength

Solutions
I. Concentration Expressed through: a. Percent Concentration b. Molarity c. Molality d. Normality

Solutions
a. Percent Concentration - Amount of solute per 100 total units of solution 3 kinds of expreesion: i. w/w ii. w/v (most common) iii. v/v

Solutions
b. Molarity
- Number of moles per Liter of Solution - mol/L
c. Molality - Amount of solute per kilogram of solvent - mol/Kg d. Normality - # of gram equivalent weights per Liter of Solution - mEq/L

Solutions
II. Saturation a. Dilute b. Concentrated c. Saturated d. Supersaturated

Solutions
III. Coligative Properties a. Osmotic Pressure b. Vapor Pressure c. Freezing Point d. Boiling Point

Solutions
IV. Redox Potential - the LEO(Lion) says GER V. Conductivity and Resistivity - Affinity to passage of electricity VI. pH and Buffers and Ionic Strength

Chemical Reagents
Grades of Purity 1. Analytical Reagent Grade - Suitable for most analytical procedures - Should have a label AR or ACS 2. Ultrapure Reagent - Went through additional purification steps - For specific procedures - Ex. Spectrograde, Nanograde and HPLC pure

Chemical Reagents
3. Chemical Pure (CP) or Pure Grade -Impurity limitations not stated -Preparation not uniform

4. Technical/Commercial Grade -For Manufacturing 5. United States Pharmacopoeia(USP) and National Formulary(NF) -for drug manufacturing

Reagent Water
In preparation of Reagent Grade Water: a. Distillation b. Ion Exchange c. Reverse Osmosis d. UV Oxidation

Reagent Water
Types of Water: 1. Type 1 - Maximum water purity( for accuracy and precision) - Storage is Discouraged 2. Type 2 - For routine use - Used in preparation of reagents and QC materials

Reagent Water
3. Type III - For washing glasswares

* Distilled Water & Deionized Water

Reagent Water
Tests for Water Purity 1. Microbiological content 2. pH 3. Resistivity 4. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 5. Ammonia 6. Ions and Metals

Reference Materials
Standard a. Primary Standard b. Secondary Standard

Clinical Laboratory Supplies

Examples: Pipets, flasks, beakers, and burets

Either: 1. Glass 2. Plastic

Clinical Laboratory Supplies

I. a. b. c. d. e. f. Glassware Borosilicate (Kimax/Pyrex) Aluminosilicate (Corex) High silica Vycor Low actinic (amber colored) Soda lime (Flint)

Clinical Laboratory Supplies

II. Plasticwares a. Polystyrene b. Polyethylene c. Polypropylene d. Tygon e. Teflon f. Polycarbonate g. Polyethylene h. Polyvinyl chloride

Clinical Laboratory Supplies

Pipet Classification I. Design II. Drainage Characteristics III. Type

Clinical Laboratory Science

I. Design A. To Contain (TC) B. To Deliver (TD) II. Drainage A. Blowout B. Self-Draining

Clinical Laboratory Supplies

III. Type A. Measuring or Graduated 1. Serologic 2. Mohr 3. Bacteriologic 4. Ball, Kolmer, or Kahn 5. Micropipet

Clinical Laboratory Science

B. Transfer 1. Volumetric 2. Ostwald-Folin 3. Pasteur Pipets 4. Automatic macropipets or micropipets