Introduction

Input Devices

Output Devices

Storage Devices

Input Devices
Definition : captures information and translates it into a form that can be processed and used by other parts of your computer.
Keyboards

Pointing

devices Touch Screen/Pads Game controllers Scanners Microphones Digital cameras Bar code readers

p. 5.130 Fig. 5-1

Keyboard

This is the simplest and the oldest input device used in PCs ( for computers in general the oldest was the punch cards)
Has the look and feel of a typewriter.

Typically consists of 101 (US standard) to 104 (Windows Standard) keys which includes :

Alphabet Number pad Function keys (F1-F12) Windows Keys etc.

p. 5.131 Fig. 5-2

Keyboard

Types of Keyboards
Linked method : Wired Wireless (Bluetooth, WiFi , Infra Red) Interface Types : PS/2 USB D-Sub port AT port Internal mechanism : Dome switch keys Membrane keys

Inside a keyboard
Inside a typical keyboard there is a micro controller

circuit and a matrix of keys connected to it.

Microcontroller circuitry

Rubber membrane

Inter connected keyboard switch matrix

Dome switch type keyboard

This is the most commonly available type.
Also found in remote controllers and similar devices

with clearly protruding buttons/keys.

Membrane type keyboard

This is found mainly on keypads of microwaves,

locking systems, control pads and in some modern pc keyboards. Users are not very fond of it because the feedback is not felt very firmly like when you are actually pressing down a button.

Cross section of a membrane keypad

Interface Types used

D-Sub port : Is the oldest method used. It is a D shaped port with 9 pins which transmit data serially. It is still being used for connecting other devices like oscilloscopes and old printers. Not used in keyboards any more. Was replaced by the AT port connector in 1984.

Interface Types cntd..

AT port Developed in 1984 by IBM Is a 5pin male connector and transmits data serially. This was replaced by the PS/2 connectors in 1987

Interface Types cntd..

PS/2 Is a 6 pin mini connector developed by IBM in 1987. This was used for both keyboard and mice with the same protocol. Two identify the two different color codes were used. Similar to other devices, transmits data serially.

Interface Types cntd..

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Introduced in 1996 by a group of organizations (DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC and Nortel) as a standard for connecting various devices . Similar to earlier types, this too is a serial standard. Many versions have come so far and the latest is the USB 3.0.

Pointing Devices

This was made to be used with GUI based software's.

Types of pointing devices:

Mouse Trackball

Touchpad
Pointing stick

SimNet

Concepts Support CD: Mice

p. 5.132 & P. 5.133 Fig. 5-3 & Fig 5.4

Mouse
When it comes to GUI based software, this is an

essential input device. The concept was first introduced in 1968 by a scientist named Douglas Engelbart.

Mouse
It was introduced to the PC arena in 1984 with the

Apple Macintosh. Typically it consists of a oval shaped lump type device with at least 2 buttons and a scrollable wheel.

How it works
Mechanical mice

A freely rotatable ball is fixed with two rollers touching it . When we drag the mouse , The ball moves while rotating the rollers.

On either side of the disk there is an infrared LED and an infrared sensor. The holes in the disk break the beam of light coming from the LED so that the infrared sensor sees pulses of light. The rate of the pulsing is directly related to the speed of the mouse and the distance it travels.

A close-up of one of the optical encoders that track mouse motion: There is an infrared LED (clear) on one side of the disk and an infrared sensor (red) on the other.
An on-board processor chip reads the pulses from the infrared sensors and turns them into binary data that the computer can understand

How it works
Optical Mouse Was developed by Agilent Technologies in 1999 as a replacement to the mechanical ball type mice. It uses a special light and a camera system to replace the mechanical ball plus roller system. The camera takes thousands of picture per second. These pictures are compared in the microcontroller circuitry inside the mouse and by the differences of these images it detects the movement of the mouse. Red colored LED light is normally used to light up the image area. But nowadays there are laser based ones which have more accuracy and speed compared to LEDs.

Optical Mouse

Optical Mouse advantages

Resolution (DPI) Dots Per Inch is the unit of measurement for a optical mouse accuracy. This is the measurement of the number of dots (pixels) a mouses CMOS camera can capture per image. So higher the DPI = the more sensitive the mouse will be to movement. No moving parts.
Light weighted. Works on many surfaces.

Touch Pads /Screens

A touchpad is a specialized surface that can translate

the motion and position of a user's fingers to a relative position on screen. Touchpads are a common feature of laptop computers, and are also used as a substitute for a mouse where desk space is scarce. The sensor used here is called a tactile sensor. It is a transducer which converts pressure into electricity.

A device which convert one type of energy to another type.

Touch Pads
Touch pads operate in one of

several ways,
Resistive sensing Made of a panel that is covered with a conductive and a resistive metallic layer. These two layers are held apart by spacers, and a scratch-resistant layer is placed on top of the whole setup. An electrical current runs through the two. When a user touches it, the two layers make contact in that exact spot. The change in the electrical field is noted and the coordinates of the point of contact are calculated by the circuit.

 Capacitive sensing

A layer that stores electrical charge is placed on top and when a user touches it with his or her finger, some of the charge is transferred to the user, so the charge on the capacitive layer decreases. This decrease is measured by the circuitry and this information is used to detect the touch and its location.

 Surface acoustic wave system two transducers (one receiving and one sending) are placed along the x and y axes of the surface plate. Also placed on it are reflectors -they reflect an inaudible acoustic signal sent from one transducer to the other. The receiving transducer is able to tell if the wave has been disturbed by a touch event at any instant, and can locate it accordingly

Game Controller

Game controllers are used mainly to play games

Types of gaming devices

Gamepads

Joysticks
Gaming wheels Force feed

p. 5.134 Fig. 5-5

Scanner
Scanner is a light sensitive device that helps

you copy or capture images, photos, and artwork that exist on paper.
far as the 1920's . The first image scanner developed for use with a computer, was a drum scanner.

The principle behind an image scanner dates back

It was built in 1957 at the US National Bureau of

Standards by a team led by Russell A. Kirsch. Since then the scanner has evolved into a commonly found but important input device of a PC.

Image of the drum scanner developed by Russell A. Kirsch and his team.

The first image ever scanned on this machine was a 5cm square photograph of Kirsch's then three-month-old son, Walden.

How it works

Microphones
Microphones are used to input audio Three main types of microphones are:

Desktop

microphones Headsets Directional microphones

Speech recognition is increasingly being included in application software

Digital Cameras

Digital cameras are used to:

Download images to a computer Post pictures to the Web Produce videos

Resolution is measured in megapixels Higher the resolution, better the image quality, but the more expensive the camera

Web Cams

Web cam is a video camera that can be used to take images for uploading to the Web

Barcodes Readers

A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic device for reading printed barcodes. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port.

Advantages
Printed easily The type of item or its price does not have to be

repeatedly written down or typed. Low cost.

Disadvantages
bar codes cannot be changed and thus they are

unsuitable to be used as price tags. Bar codes can only be read by machine.

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

It is also called mark sensing device. It uses light to scan input data to convert it into electrical/digital signal. The signals are then sent to the computer for further processing. Examples
Voting ballot

Multiple choice answer sheet marking

Enrollment forms

Mark sheet (OMR)

Advantages
In OMR there is typing involve so errors and takes time is less Reduces the cost of inputting large amount of data The method is useful when results of the test are needed very quickly Disadvantages Readers are very expansive Only certain fonts are acceptable. There is high rejection rate

Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)

Characters are printed using

an ink containing iron oxide. As the document passes into the reader the ink is magnetized, so that the character shapes can then be recognized electrically.

Use
It is used by banks industry for check processing. Each check contains MICR characters at the lower left

edge. These characters represent check number ,bank number and account number

Cheque number

Branch code

Account number

Output Devices
Output devices take information within your computer and present it to you in a form that you can understand Main output devices:
VDU (Visual Display Units) Printers Speakers

Visual Display Unit

The main output device of a PC.
Initially took the form of a CRT monitor and has

evolved into the current flat panel LED/LCD displays.

Let us take a brief look at some of the definitions

associated with VDUs in general.

 Screen size measured as a diagonal line across the

screen from corner to opposite corner Resolution the number of pixels displayed on the screen (the higher the resolution, the closer together the dots) Pixels (or picture element) dots that make up the image on your screen Refresh rate the speed with which a monitor redraws the image of the screen, and is measured in hertz PPI or DPI is the number of pixels or dots available per square inch. Higher the value higher the clarity of the image.

Screen Size

16:9

4:3

Resolution

Pixels and PPI

CRT monitor
Cathode Ray Tube is the earliest method for monitors

and televisions alike. It contains millions of tiny red, green, and blue phosphor dots that glow when struck by an electron beam that travels across the screen to create a visible image.

How a CRT work

The electron gun emits a beam of electrons which are focused to a point on the

screen phosphor. The beam is positioned on the screen by a deflection system which operates in the horizontal and vertical directions. The intensity of the beam is controlled by the intensity signal on the control grid. When the phosphor is hit by the electron beam it absorbs energy and jumps to a higher quantum-energy level. As it returns to its normal level it emits visible light

Before the human visual system can see a transient image it must be continually

redrawn (refreshed) at a rate higher than the critical fusion frequency of the human visual system.

To allow the human visual system to see a continuously refreshed image without flicker

the refresh rate has to be at least 60Hz.

CRT color images

There are two main ways to filter the electron beam in

order to obtain the correct image on the monitor screen:

shadow mask aperture grill

These technologies also impact the sharpness of the

monitor's display.

Shadow Mask
The first and the most common method used in color CRT technology. Tiny holes in a metal plate separate the colored phosphors in the layer behind the front glass of the screen. The holes are placed in a manner ensuring that electrons from each of the tube's three cathode guns reach only the appropriatelycolored phosphors on the display. All three beams pass through the same holes in the mask, but the angle of approach is different for each gun. The spacing of the holes, the spacing of the phosphors, and the placement of the guns is arranged so that for example the blue gun only has an unobstructed path to blue phosphors. The red, green, and blue phosphors for each pixel are generally arranged in a triangular shape (sometimes called a "triad").

Shadow Mask cntd

Aperture-grill
Sony corporation introduced it as the Trinitron technology.

The aperture grill consists of tiny vertical wires. Electron beams pass through the aperture grill to illuminate the phosphor on the faceplate. Most aperture-grill monitors have a flat faceplate and tend to represent a less distorted image over the entire surface of the display than the curved faceplate of a shadow-mask CRT. However, aperture-grill displays are normally more expensive.

Compared to a shadow mask design, aperture grill CRTs have some advantages and one significant disadvantage. One advantage is that they allow more of the electron beam to pass through to the phosphor; this results in what many consider to be a brighter overall picture. Some also say that the picture on this type of monitor is sharper. Finally, because the strips are run straight from the top of the monitor to the bottom, this type of tube is flat vertically; it curves outward as you go from left to middle to right, but not as you go from top to middle to bottom. Most people find that this reduces glare and results in a more pleasant and less distorted image.

Aperture-grill cntd
The major disadvantage of using the aperture grill is that a bunch of

thin metal strips don't have the same physical stability as a metal sheet with holes in it (the shadow mask). This means that the metal strips can tend to vibrate. To correct this problem, one, two or three thin stabilizing wires are run horizontally across the screen--more are used for larger screens. These eliminate any problems with the metal strips moving around, however they cause an unfortunate side-effect: the appearance of very faint lines where the stabilizing wires are. These lines are extremely faint and not usually noticeable unless you are looking for them, but cause a lot of controversy because many people don't understand what they are. Invariably, they display a full screen of white pixels one day and notice the line, and then think there is something wrong with their monitor. This is in fact normal for this type of display; it does bother some people and these should not use a CRT that uses an aperture grill.

Color CRT history

In 1981, IBM introduced the Color Graphics Adapter (CGA),

which was capable of rendering four colors, and had a maximum resolution of 320 pixels horizontally by 200 pixels vertically. IBM introduced the Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) display in 1984. EGA allowed up to 16 different colors and increased the resolution to 640x350 pixels, improving the appearance of the display and making it easier to read text. In 1987, IBM introduced the Video Graphics Array (VGA) display system. The VGA standard has a resolution of 640x480 pixels and some VGA monitors are still in use. IBM introduced the Extended Graphics Array (XGA) display in 1990, offering 800x600 pixel resolution in true color (16.8 million colors) and 1,024x768 resolution in 65,536 colors.

Flat panel displays

Thin screen displays found with

all portable computers and becoming the new standard with PCs.
Instead of utilizing the cathode-ray

tube technology flat-panel displays use Liquid-crystal display (LCD) technology or other alternative making them much lighter and thinner when compared with a traditional monitor.

What are Liquid Crystals?

They have physical characteristics of both solid and liquid

matter. (Mostly a solid state in room temperature.)

One of their important properties is that they're affected

by electric current.

A particular sort of liquid crystal, called twisted nematics (TN),

is naturally twisted. Applying an electric current to these liquid crystals will untwist them to varying degrees, depending on the current's voltage. to electric current in such a way as to control light passage.

LCDs use these liquid crystals because they react predictably

 There is a set of two transparent panels with a liquid crystal solution between them. Light is shined from behind the panels. Each crystal either allows light to pass

through or blocks the light. The configuration of the crystals forms the image. The two transparent panels are polarized, which means they will only pass light waves in one plane. These two polarized panels at 90 to each other so that light filtered from one plane cannot get through the other panel because it only lets light through in a plane at 90 to the first plane. So the panel appears to be "black" (or at least very dark). However, when electricity is applied to one of the segments of liquid crystals (segments are switched on and off to form the images you see on the screen). The crystals line up in such a way as to make the light turn through 90 in between the two panels. So now the light "TWISTS" through the panels and is visible on the other side.

Polarized Glass = Glass which allows light waves arriving at a specific angle and wave length. So all are not allowed!

Inside the LCD

LCD - LED whats the difference?

Technically, both LED and LCD displays are liquid crystal displays. Actually LED s are a subset of LCD displays. The main difference is that LCD displays use fluorescent lights as a backlight to light up the panel and LED displays use LEDs. In LED systems there are two variations depending on the placement of LEDs.. Placed on the four edges-edge lit Placed over the whole back panel in an array. The difference in lights and in lighting placement has generally meant that LED displays can be thinner ,run with greater energy efficiency and can provide a clearer, better picture than the general LCDs.

LED TVs provide a better picture for two basic reasons. First, LED TVs work with a color wheel or distinct RGB-colored lights (red, green, blue) to produce more realistic and sharper colors. Second, light emitting diodes can be dimmed. The dimming capability on the back lighting in an LED TV allows the picture to display with a truer black by darkening the lights and blocking more light from passing through the panel.

LED Back Lit

LED Edge Lit

Fluorescent Backlight

Printers
Inkjet most popular Makes images by forcing droplets through nozzles Top speed is 20 pages per minute Laser Forms images using an electrostatic process Prints between 3 and 30 pages per minute

Printers - Cont
Resolution of a printer is the number of

dots per inch (dpi) it produces. Higher the resolution, better the image, and usually the more costly the printer

Printers - Cont.

Multifunction printer:

Scan, copy, fax, and print Can be either inkjet or laser

Cost less than buying individual units

Take up less desk space

p. 5.139 Fig. 5-11

Speakers

A speaker is a device that produces computer output as sound. Speakers are common devices in computer systems Examples include:

Built-in speaker Surround sound speakers

How it works

Storage
This is an essential function of a computer. When ever the processing unit converts data into information, it must be

either stored permanently or kept in temporary storage till it is conveyed to the user using the output devices.

Storage device consists of:

Storage medium Storage device

Three major technology types for information storage:

Magnetic Optical

or laser Flash memory/Solid State Drives.

Storage Medium Terms

1 Byte
1 Kilo byte (KB) 1 Mega bytes (MB)

1 Giga bytes (GB)

1 Tera bytes (TB) 1 Peta byte (PB)

1 Exa byte (EB)

= 8 bits = 1024 Bytes = 1204 Kilo Bytes = 1024 Mega Bytes = 1024 Giga Bytes = 1024 Tera Bytes = 1024 Peta Bytes

Magnetic Storage Devices

Magnetic storage devices can be either internal or external

Internal magnetic hard disks are fixed inside the system unit External magnetic hard disks are portable

SimNet

Concepts Support CD: Removable Disks

Internal Magnetic Hard Disk

Internal hard disk is a magnetic storage device with
One or more thin platters that store

information sealed inside the disk drive. Read/write heads access the information on surface Heads read information while copying it from disk to RAM Heads write information when copying it from RAM to disk

Inside a hard disk drive

External Magnetic Hard Disk

External hard disks are magnetic storage media which are portable storage units that you can connect to your computer as necessary
Great for backup storage devices Ability to transport your hard disk

from one computer to another

Solid State Drives

Solid State Drives use semi

conductor technology as the medium of storage. Similar technology is used in RAM but unlike that SSD uses non volatile type memory chips to store data. Since there are no moving mechanical parts in it, the data read and write speeds are very high compared to the magnetic HDD.

HDD Vs SSD

Removable Magnetic Storage

Removable magnetic storage media come in

two basic types:

Traditional floppy disks Zip disks

These storage media are useful for: Storing files for backup or security purposes Transferring files from one computer to another These are now obsolete.

Floppy Disk
Floppy Mylar disk
Housed inside a hard

plastic casing Thin, flexible plastic disk

3.5 inch floppy disks also called floppies, diskettes, floppy disks Holds about 1.44 megabytes of information

p. 5.144 Fig. 5.15

Zip Disk
High capacity plastic platter disk Called removable hard disks since it stores information on one or more metal platters instead of on Mylar disks. Provide a higher storage capacity than Mylar disks

Example Zip disk with capacity of 100MB, 250MB, and 750MB Jaz disk with a capacity of 2GB.

Optical Storage
CDs

DVDs
BluRays All are optical storage and have three formats:
Read-only

Write-once
Read-and-write

How an optical drive work?

How it works cntd..

The information on optical discs is recorded on a spiral track. The

laser starts reading the disc from the inside ring and ends up on the outside. reflections of the laser beam from a photoelectric cell.

The disc data is converted into electrical pulses (the bit stream) by When the laser beam strikes "land", the beam is reflected onto a

photoelectric cell. When it strikes a "ridge", the photocell will receive only a weak reflection. Thus the photoelectrical cell receives series of light pulses corresponding to the ridges and lands in the disc. simple substitution for the weak signal "0" and the in-focus signal "1" results in a pure digital playback without alteration, every time, without failure or degradation.

These light pulses are the foundation of binary 'digital' data. A

CD,DVD and Bluray Comparison

Optical Storage Media

Read-Only CD-ROM DVD-ROM One-Time Writable CD-R DVD-R DVD+R Fully Read-and-Write CD-RW DVD-RW or DVD+RW or DVD-RAM

What are dual layer DVDs?

Dual layer and double layer DVDs are the same thing and are also

referred to as DVD-9 discs and have a capacity of 8.5GB. In dual layer DVD-9 discs, two layers of standard DVD-5 are joined together with a transparent spacer and a thin reflector between the two. The bottom layer is read and written to in exactly the same manner as DVD-5. Reading and writing to the second layer is achieved by the laser focusing a fraction of a millimeter beyond the first recording layer. The diagram below shows the difference between single (DVD-5) and dual layer discs (DVD-9):

Flash Memory Cards

Flash memory cards have high-

capacity storage laminated inside a small piece of plastic Flash memory cards do not need a drive with moving parts to operate

Flash Memory Types

CompactFlash (CF) xD-Picture Card (xD)

SmartMedia (SM) Card

SecureDigital (SD) card and MultiMediaCards (MMC)

Memory Stick Media

Flash Memory Card Readers

Some devices have flash memory slots

into which you slide your flash memory card Other devices can use an external flash memory card reader in order to transfer information A flash memory drive is a flash memory storage medium for a computer that is small enough to fit in your pocket and usually plugs directly into a USB port

The End