Biology

Genetics

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Introduction
Topic Target group Students ability Duration Mode
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: Inheritance : Secondary 4 (Express) : above-average : 1 period (35 minutes) : student-centred

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Simple crosses Codominance Sex determinance Quit

Simple crosses
A monohybrid cross deals with a single character. An organism is said to be homozygous when the genotype consists of two identical genes, for example, TT, tt and it is heterozygous when the genotype consists of two different genes, for example, Tt. In a cross, there is the first filial generation (F1) and the second filial generation (F2).

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Simple crosses
A Punnet Square can also be used to show the possible ways genes are combined when passed from parents to offsprings.
A Punnett square showing the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross.
gametes T t T TT Tall Tt Tall t Tt Tall Tt dwarf

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Simple crosses
Problem: Using the symbols R for round seed and r for wrinkled seed, write down (a) the genotype of a seed which is heterozygous for this characteristic and (b) the possible genotypes of the gametes. Work out what kind of offspring would be produced if the heterozygous seed mated with one which was homozygous for round seed.
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(Go to genetics> punnett squares)
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Codominance
Alleles are codominant when both genes of an allelomorphic pair have an effect on the phenotype of a heterozygous organism. Neither of the genes is dominant or recessive. For example, inheritance of the ABO blood group phenotypes.

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Codominance
Example of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yielding pink-coloured offsprings.
Parents

Phenotype
Genotype Gametes

Red
RR R x

White
rr r

Offspring Genotype Phenotype

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Rr
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Codominance
Problem: A child is confused if he is the real child of his parents. His mother is of blood group A and his father, group B. However, his blood group is O while his siblings are of blood groups A, B and AB. Help the child determine whether or not he is the real child of his parents with the help of a genetic diagram.

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(Go to genetics > gene interactions)
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Sex determinance
A pair of sex chromosomes determines an individuals sex (female, XX and male, XY). Genes located on the X and Y chromosomes produce traits that makes males and females different. Some genes are sex-linked and they cause diseases. Most sex-linked genes are carried on the X chromosome, which is longer than the Y chromosome.

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Sex determinance
A boy or girl? The chromosomes present in the fertilised egg would determine the gender.
Parents Phenotype Genotype Gametes Offspring Genotypes Phenotype Ratio
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male XY X, Y x

female XX X

XY male 1 Main :
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XX female 1
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Sex determinance
Problem:
The allele for colour-blindness, c, is a recessive allele carried on the non-homologous part of the X chromosome. If a colour-blind man marries a normal woman, none of his children would be colour-blind. But if one of his daughters marries a normal man, the chances are that half of their sons would be colour-blind. Explain this fact with clearly written genetic diagrams.

For more information, click here

This website has interesting graphics and animations to further enhance students understanding of classical genetics.
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DIVISION OF INSTRUCTIONAL SCIENCE

national institute of education

copyright 2000

Credits

Created by :

Ravathi d/o Velayuthan (r347@pacific.net.sg) Raihana Bte Mohd. Ihsan (raihana@hotmail.com)

URLs :
http://vector.cshl.org/dnaftb/ http://library.thinkquest.org/18258/index2.htm

Specific Instructional Objectives

Students should be able to:
predict the results of simple crosses with expected ratios of 3:1 and 1:1, using the terms homozygous, heterozygous, F1 generation, F2 generation. explain codominance by reference to the inheritance of the ABO blood group phenotypes (A, B, AB, O, gene alleles IA, IB and IO). describe the determination of sex in Man (XX and XY chromosomes).
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Simple crosses
Example of a simple cross between a tall and dwarf plant.
Parent, P
Phenotype Genotype Gametes First generation, F1 Genotype Phenotype Gametes Second generation, F2 Genotype Phenotype TT Main Tt Tall Tt tt dwarf
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(cross-pollination)
Tall TT T x dwarf tt t

Tt Tall Tt x (self-pollination)
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Tt

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Codominance
Example:
A man of blood group B marries a woman of blood group O.
Case 1 Parents Phenotype Genotype Gametes Offspring Genotype Phenotype Ratio I B IO B 1
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Case 2 B IB IO IB, IO x O IO IO IO

B IB IB IB

O IO IO IO

IB IO B 1 :

IO IO O 1

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Sex determinance
Example of a sex-linked disease, haemophilia
The dominant allele of this gene, H, allows blood to clot normally. But the recessive allele, h, causes haemophilia, a disease whereby the blot will not clot properly and a person might bleed to death if hes cut. What happens if a carrier woman married a normal man and have children?
Parents
Phenoytpes Genotypes Gametes normal man XHY XH , Y X H XH 1 : XHY normal man 1 XHXh
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carrier woman XH Xh XH , X h X hY haemophiliac man : 1

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Offspring
Genotypes Ratio
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Phenotypes normal woman

carrier woman 1

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