Vikas Gingine Ravi Shah

M.Tech IV M.Tech IV
NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

Student Student

P. V. Koteswara Rao

Research Scholar

CONTENTS

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

introduction

SHRIN K

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

Introduction
Soil

EXPANSIVE SOIL/ B.C.

High swelling in wet seasons & High shrinkage in dry seasons. Montmorillonite

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

Introduction

EXPANSIVE SOIL

The expansive soil are often formed in the semi-arid region where there is enough water available to weather the parent rock but not quite enough to wash out the cations formed in that environment..

Foundations Pavements & railways tracks Canals Buried lifelines Light Wt Structures 6 BILLION DOLLARS in the U.S alone

Damage:

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

Introduction

FOUNDATON PRACTICES

Structural engineers and foundation experts state that there are two types of foundation owners, those who have had foundation problems and those who will.
Avoid expansive soil Sand Cushion; C-N-S layer Chemical treatment Pad Foundations; Drilled pier; Belled pier; Friction Pier; Under-Reamedpiles NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD Granular piles; Micropiles

Introduction

ELECTROKINETICS

The application of electroosmosis to improve the soil was demonstrated by Casagrande (1952). Since then, the process has been applied to the ground improvement in the eld.

Currently, electric potential is applied between anode and cathode, and the chemical solutions are injected via the anode and/or cathode into the soil for soil improvement. NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF
ENGG. HYDERABAD

Introduction
SOI L

ELECTROKINETICS

CATHO DE

ANODE

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

Introduction

ELECTROKINETICS

Electrokinetic Cementation:

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

Literature review

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

Review of past work

Electrokinetically treated soils

1. Eltayeb Mohamedelhassan , Laboratory Model Test on Improving the Properties of soft clays by electrokinetics, International Scholarly Research Network, ISRN Civil Engineering, Article ID 56083, Volume 2011. 2. Shenbaga R. Kaniraj ; J. H. S. Yee, Electro-Osmotic Consolidation Experiments on an Organic Soil, ENGG. HYDERABAD Geotech Geol Eng (2011) 29:505518

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF

Review of past work

Electrokinetically treated soils

3. S. Micic, J Q. Shang and K. Y Lo, Electrokinetic Strengthening of Marine Clay Adjacent to Offshore Foundations, Proceedings of the Eleventh, International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.2001 4. Shenbaga R. Kaniraj, H. L. Huong , J. H. S. Yee, Electro-Osmotic Consolidation Studies on Peat and Clayey Silt Using Electric ENGG. HYDERABAD Vertical Drain, Geotech Geol Eng (2011) 29:277295

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF

Review of past work

Electrokinetically treated soils

5. S. Jayasekera , S. Hall, Modification of the properties of salt affected soils using electrochemical treatments, Geotech Geol Eng (2007) 25:110 6. Krishna R. Reddy, Technical Challenges to In-situ Remediation of Polluted Sites, ENGG. HYDERABAD Geotech Geol Eng (2010) 28:21122

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF

Review of past work

Foundations on electrokinetically treated soil

Amnart Rittirong, et al., Effects of Electrode Conguration on Electrokinetic Stabilization for Caisson Anchors ENGG. HYDERABAD in Calcareous Sand. ,

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF

Review of past work

Electrokinetic Properties of Expansive soil Electrokinetic treatment on Expansive soil

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

Review of past work

Electrokinetic Properties Expansive soils Three CH soils Samples around Turkey were tested

Variation of the following properties of expansive soil treated with additives

Cement Cation Exchange Capacity pH Zeta Potential

Lime

Flyash

Silica Flume

Slight changes for all additives

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF

SuatAkbulut,SeracettinArasan, The Variations of Cation Exchange Capacity, pH and Zeta Potential in ENGG. HYDERABAD Expansive Soils Treated by Additives., Internationaljournalofcivilandstructuralengineering, Volume1,No

Review of past work

Electromigration in Expansive soil

The positive charged ion will move toward the cathode and ion charge negative moves to the anode. Future Scope to determine the influence of the phenomenon of NTCE-2013 COLLEGE OF electromigration, such as VASAVI Nahesson Hotmarama Panjaitan et al.,(2012), The Phenomenon of Electromigration During Electrokinetic Process On ENGG. HYDERABAD Expansive Clay Soil, International of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:12 No:04 atterberg limit Journal test, swelling

Review of past work

Electrokinetic improvement of an Expansive soil

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF Samudra Jayasekera, Stabilising volume change characteristics of expansive soilsusing electrokinetics ENGG. HYDERABAD a laboratory based investigation,

Review of past work

Electrokinetic improvement of an Expansive soil

Ca(OH)2

KOH

CaCl2
NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF

KCl

W.S. Abdullah ,A.M. Al-Abadi (Jordan), Cationicelectrokinetic improvement of an expansive soil, Applied Clay ENGG. HYDERABAD Science 47 (2010) 343350

Review of past work

Review of Setups

In eld applications, the

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. gradient HYDERABAD typically voltage

ranges from 10 to

Review of past work

Points to be noted
Eletroosmosis & Electromigration ElectroCementation Formation of ferrous or aluminium oxides in the soil, which are natural cementing agents. Improvement in the swelling properties of the expansive soil after the treatment. 15mm of soil layer was firmly attached to the metal objects
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Need & SCOPE

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

references
1. Abdullah,W.S., Al-Abadi, A.M. (2010),Cationicelectrokinetic improvement of an expansive soil, Applied Clay Science 47, 343350. 2. Albert Yeung (2011), Milestone developments, myths, and future directions of electrokinetic remediation, Separation and Purication Technology, Elsevier 79,124132. 3. Amnart Rittirong et al. (2008), Effects of Electrode Conguration on Electrokinetic Stabilization for Caisson Anchors in Calcareous Sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 3,ASCE 4. Beni Lew (2010), Structure Damage Due to Expansive Soils: a Case Study, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 15, Bund. M pp-1317-1324. 5. Chen F. H. (1975), Foundations on Expansive Soils, 1st ed., Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam Netherlands. 6. Colin.J.F.P.Jones (2011),Electrokinetic geosynthetics in hydraulic applications, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Elsevier,29 381-390. 7. Eltayeb Mohamedelhassan (2011), Laboratory Model Test on Improving the Properties of soft clays by electrokinetics, International Scholarly Research Network, ISRN Civil Engineering, Article ID 560834,14 pages 8. Hari Krishna P and Ramana Murty (2013), Pull-Out Capacity of Granular Anchor Piles in Expansive Soils, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Volume 5, Issue 1 pp 24-31. NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF 9. I.S: 2911(Part III)(1980). Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design and ENGG. HYDERABAD

references
11.Krishna Reddy et al.(2004), Iodide-Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Mercury-Contaminated Soils, Journal Of Environmental Engineering ASCE, 129:1137-1148 12.Krishna Reddy(2010), Technical Challenges to In-situ Remediation of Polluted Sites, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 28:21122 13.Lucas Adamson et al.(1966),Electrokinetic Dewatering, Consolidation And Stabilization Of Soils, Engineering Geology, 1 (4),291-304 14.Mohammad Ali, Shaik Moin Ahmed(2011),Micropile technique to control heave on expansive soils, Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, Kochi (paper No. D311) 15.Nahesson Hotmarama Panjaitan et al.,(2012),The Phenomenon of Electromigration During Electrokinetic Process On Expansive Clay Soil, International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:12 No:04 16.Nasim Mosava et al.(2012),A Review of Electrokinetic Treatment Technique for Improving the Engineering Characteristics of Low Permeable Problematic Soils, International Journal of GEOMATE, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Sl No.4) pp 266-272 17.Osama K. Nusier and Ahmed Shlash Alawneh (2004), Micropile technique to control upward movement of lightweight structures over expansive soils, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 22: 89104. 18.Phani Kumar, B.R., Sharma, R.S., Srirama Rao, A, Madhav,M.R. (2004). Granular NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD PileAnchor Foundation (GPAF) System for Improving the Engineering Behaviour of

references
20.Shenbaga R. Kaniraj et al.(2011), Electro-Osmotic Consolidation Studies on Peat and Clayey Silt Using Electric Vertical Drain, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 29:277295. 21.Shenbaga R. Kaniraj, J.H.Yee (2011), Electroosmotic Consolidation Experiments on an Organic Soil, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 29:505518. 22.Sivapullaiah, P.V. (2007),Electroosmotic ow behaviour of metal contaminated expansive soil, Journal of Hazardous Materials 143, Elsevier, pp 682689 23.Soon-Oh Kim(2004), Evaluation of Electrokinetic Removal of Heavy Metals from Tailing Soils, Journal Of Environmental Engineering, ASCE 128:705-715. 24.SuatAkbulut,SeracettinArasan(2010),The Variations of Cation Exchange Capacity, pH and Zeta Potential in Expansive Soils Treated by Additives, Internationaljournalofcivilandstructuralengineering, Volume1,No 2. 25.Samudra JayasElectrokineticera, (2007), Stabilising volume change characteristics of expansive soils using electrokinetics a laboratory based investigation, Sri Lankan Geotechnical Society's First International Conference, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 26.Samudra JayasElectrokineticera , S. Hall(2007), Modification of the properties of salt affected soils using electrochemical treatments, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 25:110 27.Satyanarayana, B (1969), Behaviour of Expansive Soil treated or Cushioned with Sand Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf onNTCE-2013 Expansive soils. Texas A & M Univ, Texas, 308 316 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD 28.Shao-Chi Chien; Chang-Yu Ou (2011) A novel technique of harmonic waves applied

THANK YOU ALL

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Energy Consumption For the application of constant applied voltage the energy consumption per unit volume of treated soil during a test, W (Wh/m3), can be evaluated based on the following relationship:

where V o - applied voltage (V); x - current intermittence ratio; tp~ - treatment time under one polarity (hours) (i=l, 2, ....,NR); NR - number of polarity reversal (NR=I for no NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD reversal);

 Current Intermittence

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NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

 The expansive soil are often formed in the semi-arid region where there are enough water available to weather the parent rock but not quite enough to wash out the cations formed in that environment.

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

 The third phase of a test, i.e., diffusion, lasted 45 days. After electrokinetic treatment, the soil samples were set aside and sealed to further study the post-treatment effects due to the ionic diffusion and other electrochemical reactions
NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

Bache [37] method was used in this study because of its simplicity The soil samples, which dried at 105 and weighed 5 gr, were saturated to Na+ with sodium acetate (CH3COONa.3H2O) solution (1 N) at pH 8.2. When the samples were fully saturated with Na+, ethanol (95%) wasused to wash out excesssalt and the Na+ cations were replacedwithNH4+ byusingaammoniumacetate(CH3COONH4)solution(1 N)atpH 7.0.Then,theamountofsodiuminthesolutionwasdeter minedbytheatomicadsorption method and the cation exchange capacity of the samples was calculate with equation: Where Nf is concentration of sodium ion in extract, NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. D is density coefficient ofHYDERABAD

Cation Exchange Capacity

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

11. Electrokinetic Cementation Electrode reactions mainly control electrokinetic cementation. The steel anode releases ferrous ions Fe2+ into seawater, and the electrode is corroded by quilibrium controls the precipitation of dissolved iron Pourbaix 1966; Whittemore and Langmuir 1975. The precipitation of ferrous and ferric ions results in iron-rich cements in the
calcareous sand

NTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF ENGG. HYDERABAD

11. First, the caisson was used as a cathode to generate alkaline environment surrounding the caisson, enhancing the precipitation of dissolved metals. The electrode polarity was then reversed so that the caisson became an anode and released iron ions, which were precipitated as iron-rich cement on the caisson shaft and soil interface. It has been reported that current intermittence can imNTCE-2013 VASAVI COLLEGE OF prove the treatmentENGG. effectiveness and reduce HYDERABAD