Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
& Confucianism
*Family name = Kung (Kong) Personal name = Zhong-ni Kung Fu-Tzu (Kong Fu-zi) = Master Kung Confucius = Latinization of Kung Fu-Tzu
The Medieval Age (2d-10th centuries BC): relations & conflicts between Confucianism, Daoism, & Buddhism The Modern Age (11th century AD-Present)
Neo-Confucianism (incorporation of Daoist & Buddhist elements in an overall Confucian perspective) (Chu Hsi, 1130-1200 AD & many others) 20th century impact of Western philosophies such as Pragmatism & Marxism
The I Jing (Book of Changes) The Shu Jing (Book of History) The Shih Jing (Book of Odes [poetry]) The Li Ji (Book of Rites) The Chun-chiu (Spring & Autumn Annals)
Analects (Lun-Yu) The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) The Great Learning (Ta-hsueh) The Book of Meng-Tzu (Mencius, 371-288 BC)
Anthem
Thats where Confucius was born & spent most of his life.
Confucianism originated in China, but its influence spread to Korea & Japan over the centuries.
Chronology, continued
206 BC-25 AD: Former Han Dynasty (beginnings of
official state Confucianism)
266-316 AD: Jin (Chin) Dynasty 316-589 AD: Era of NorthSouth Division - 16 Northern
Kingdoms (301-439); 5 Southern Kingdoms (317-589) (rise of Daoist
religion; continued spread of Buddhism)
581-618 AD: Sui Dynasty 220-280 AD: The Three Kingdoms - Wei (220-266); 618-907 AD: Tang Dynasty
Shu (221-263); Wu (222-280)
(decline of Confucianism; rise of Daoism & Buddhism)
(high point for Buddhism & Daoism; 9th century Confucian reaction against Buddhism)
Chronology, continued
907-960 AD: Five Northern Dynasties; Ten Southern Kingdoms 10th-13th centuries AD: Rise of Neo 960-1127 AD: Northern Sung (Song) Confucianism; Dynasty spread of Chan (Zen) Buddhism 1127-1279 AD: Southern Sung (Song) Dynasty 1264-1368 AD: Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty (established by Kublai Khan) Anti-Confucian policy (development of popular religious sects) 1368-1644 AD: Ming Dynasty
(Mongols out, Chinese emperors in; Confucianism reestablished; Roman Catholicism arrives)
Chronology, continued
1644-1911 AD: Qing (Ching) (Manchu) Dynasty peak of Confucian (bureaucratic) authority; increasing influence of the West
1911-1912 AD: Chinese Revolution Republic of China (19121949 [mainland]; 1945present [Taiwan])
Han Dynasty
Dong Zhong-shu (179-104 BC) Yang Hsiung (53 BC-18 AD) Wang Chong (27-100 AD)
Metaphysics
Ontology & Cosmology
Dao (Way) - the Ultimate; the One; the Absolute;
the underlying Power; the Source (see Text, pp. 11-12)
Yin/Yang - the dual expression of Dao; neither is superior to the other (see next slide)
The Plural World - the universe; Heaven & Earth; an ever-changing expression & blend of Yin & Yang
(Heaven is Yang in relation to Earth; and Earth is Yin in relation to Heaven; but each is, in itself, a blend of both Yin & Yang.)
Theology
Shang-Ti (God), the original ancestor (after the 11th century BC)
Heaven (Tian, Tien) - the divine realm (Human beings who have died live on with Shang-Ti as ancestors (ti) in Heaven.) Continuity & interchange between Heaven (the divine realm) and Earth (the human realm), i.e., between the ancestors & those living on Earth.
(The ancestors are to be worshipped, and sacrifices are to be offered to them; they, in turn, will guide and protect us, especially with regard to our futures (divination practices). When we die, we will join the ancestors in Heaven and become ancestors ourselves.)
did not contain a welldeveloped idea of an afterlife. The souls of those who had lived in accord with the Mandate of Heaven (will of Shang-Ti) would become ancestors in Heaven; whereas the souls of those who had not followed Heavens decree would, after death, continue to live on for a time in a dark underworld area (called the Yellow Springs) & then fade away into nothingness.
Anthropology
(Human Nature & the Human Predicament)
Human nature:
naturally & inherently good - need for cultivation via education naturally social & political - development & perfection of human nature within the social & political realm
Axiology
(Theory of Value) Philosophy of art (aesthetics) - the moral & political purposes of art (especially music) Moral philosophy (ethics) - the center of Confucian philosophy (see next slide) Social & political philosophy (theory of government) - the need for morally & intellectually virtuous rulers & civil servants
The Chun-Tzu is an exemplification of ideal virtue, of Yi, of Ren, of Li, and of Hsiao see following slides.
*Sometimes translated as
humanity
The institution of the family is the foundation of a well-ordered & civilized society (grounded mainly on respect of children for parents) Respect for age (experience & wisdom)
(Text, pp. 5-6)
Religious Propriety
proper practice of traditional rites (worship of God, ancestors, Heaven, Earth, spirits; funeral services & sacrifices in honor of parents)
Text, vv. 64, 70, 72, 79-84
Wen
(learning & the arts)
The importance of culture in the creation & Studying & learning (Text, maintenance of a wellpp. 7-8) ordered society The arts - especially music (Text, vv. 99)
(Confucius composed a Book of Music [Yueh Jing], which is sometimes referred to as a sixth classic.)