Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR DEPARTMENT OF SILVICULTURE

By PHILIP WORLANYO DUGBLEY (P050128041) And ARIF IRWANSYAH (E451120011) Lecturer: Dr. Ir. Omo Rusdiana, MS

FOREST SITE MANAGEMENT

A PRESENTATION

Based on Chapter 2
of

The Use of Soil Amendments for

Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

GROUP TWO (2)

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

INTRODUCTION
(Ecosystem Function Problems)
All components of an ecosystem are dependent on healthy soil for the system to SOIL HEALTH function optimally.

In most cases, appropriate organic and/or

inorganic soil amendments can be used to revitalize soil.
The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

INTRODUCTION.
It is therefore critical to revitalize soil health following drastic disturbance of a site caused by mining or other industrial activity.

This can be achieved through;

increasing water holding capacity,

re-establishing microbial communities, and

alleviating compaction.
The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Scope of Topic
This presentation focuses on the following;
Soil pH Soil Salinity and Sodicity

Some Soil Physical Properties e.g. bulk density and Texture

Soil Nutrient Deficiencies Interactions of soil contaminants Solutions to soil problems

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Soil pH - High or Low?

A higher or lower-than normal pH range (typically <5.5 or >8.5) in the soil, can cause soil infertility and also limit the microbial activity
Phyto-toxicity is also more likely with strongly acidic soil as a result of: runoff or leaching of industrial contaminants acidic deposition exposure of acid- or alkaline-reactive geologic materials.

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Still on Soil pH.

When soil is high in Zn, Cu, or nickel (Ni) contamination, soil pH may have to be raised to above 7.0 to reduce metal solubility enough to protect plant health and ensure food chain

safety.
On the other hand, exposure of high Na subsoil or mine spoils can generate very high pH conditions that drastically limit phosphorus (P) availability and may induce high As, selenium (Se), and molybdenum (Mo) solubility.

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Soil Salinity
It is the measure of excess salts, such as chlorides, sulfates and carbonates of sodium, calcium and magnesium in the root zone which limits the ability of plants to withdraw water and nutrients from the soil. In this hypertonic micro-environment, water is lost from the roots to achieve osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding environment.

This happens through the physical draw of water from the

plant root by salts leading to desiccation
The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Soil Salinity..the "white alkali"

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Soil Sodicity.what is it?

This refers to high concentrations of Na and/or high levels of
exchangeable Na+ in soil. This has a detrimental affect on plants and, therefore, limits the use of salt-affected soils Detrimental effects of sodicity or sodic soils are due to toxicity of; Na+, HCO3-, and

OH- ions.
The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Soil Sodicity.
The result is that, there is reduced water infiltration and

aeration. Excess Na can cause soil dispersion, which inhibits

plant growth by; hardening soil and blocking water infiltration

reducing soil hydraulic conductivity, and

also by creating a cement-like surface layer that blocks growth of root systems and water infiltration through the soil.

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Excess Sodium effect on soil

Figure 2. Behavior of sodium and calcium ions attached to a clay platelet. (Source: Hanson et al., 1999.) The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Soil Sodicity.
Soil with an accumulation of exchangeable sodium is often characterized by poor and low permeability making it unfavorable for plant growth.

Soil salinity can cause soil sodicity

Soil sodicity is responsible for soil dispersion

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Soil Physical Properties

o Soil physical properties refer to the physical characteristics of
the soil including, increased bulk density,

poor aggregation, and

Textures that are too clayey or sandy. o In order for the soil to support plant growth and development, must be able to maintain a sufficient vegetative cover, microbial community and some amount of oxygen when wet and hold onto a sufficient amount of water during a dry periods.
The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Dry land without water to support plant growth

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Physical Properties
If a soil has a high bulk density (high weight per unit volume)..........what does it mean?
It is generally too dense to contain enough pore space to allow oxygen to diffuse through the soil and keep it well aerated. It may also affect the soils hydraulic conductivitywhy?
The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Physical Properties
Pore space allows water to enter and move through a soil, helping avoid waterlogged conditions A soil with high bulk density generally will have high clay

content.
Soils that consist of rocks and coarse fragments can have too much pore space, which allows water to flow through the soil very quickly.

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Physical Properties
Roots have difficulty anchoring, and there is no habitat for soil microorganisms. Another important property is water infiltration capacity.

If the soil surface is too crusted, water will pond or

run off the surface. This increases the potential for the

soil to be droughty during dry seasons.

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Nutrient Deficiencies
It is very important to always strike a balance in metal concentrations. This is because; many of these metals becomes toxic in high

concentrations.
Deficiencies in phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) limit plant growth. It is important to maintain sufficient available N, P and K for the species of interest based on local (state) soil testing laboratory guidance.
The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Nutrient Deficiencies.
In addition, proper ratios of Ca to Mg and carbon (C) to N are
necessary for plant growth. As a rule-of-thumb, the C:N ratio is 15-40:1 When C:N ratios are high, soil microbes will scavenge for nitrogen and limit its availability for plants.N

immobilization
In the case of lower C:N ratios, N will be in excess. This can lead to N leaching through the soilN mineralization
The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Interactions of soil contaminants

Contaminants can be, and generally are, co-occurring. For
example, Pb and Zn commonly occur together in sulfide ores, and there may be significant As and Se in the material as well. When two or more contaminants are present, the more protective solution should be applied.

Sometimes,

two

solutions

may

be

antagonistic

or

contradictory. In such cases, one should proceed based on the primary driver for ecosystem health.
The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

RECAP
So far, we have discussed the following;
Soil pH
Soil Salinity and Sodicity

Some Soil Physical Properties e.g. bulk density and Texture

Soil Nutrient Deficiencies Interactions of soil contaminants in the ecosystem

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

And next .
what should we do?

SOLUTIONS ARE NEEDED!!!

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Solutions to the problem

Most of the solutions to the various problems are presented in
Tables below which includes the raising or lowering of soil pH by; adding organic matter, phosphate and /or sorbents and other listed management alternatives.

Sorbents are a subset of amendments and have desirable

chemical properties for reducing the solubility and

bioavailability of various toxic elements or compounds.

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Table 1.1 Types of Problems Addressed by Soil Amendments

Exposure Pathways SOURCES and Adverse Effects
Aluminum (Al) Phytotoxicity Runoff Leaching

Interactions
Low pH = more toxic; Low P = more toxic; High calcium (Ca) = less toxic Low pH = more toxic; low OM = more toxic

Solutions
Raise pH greater than 6.0, add OM and P; add gypsum or other high soluble Ca source Raise pH (6.0-7.0), add P, OM, and sorbents

Copper (Cu)

Phytotoxicity, Runoff and Leaching Aquatic receptors

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Table 1.2 (continues) Types of Problems Addressed by Soil Amendments

Exposure Pathways SOURCES and Adverse Effects
Arsenic (As) Soil Ingestion Runoff Leaching

Interactions
High pH = more toxic; High P = more soluble

Solutions
Add organic matter (OM) and adjust pH to between 5.5-6.5

Borate (BO-3 3)

Phytotoxicity

Low and High pH = Add iron oxide and more toxic acidify (pH between 6.0-7.0)

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Table 2.0 Soil pH

Exposure Pathways SOURCES and Adverse Effects
Active Acidity (as measured directly in soil: water mixture) Runoff Leaching

Interactions
Controls metal solubility and microbial activity; increases metal availability

Solutions
Add lime and/or other alkaline soil amendments

Alkalinity

Anion solubility and metal High pH = more micronutrient availability toxic; Low Cu = more toxic

Add acid equivalent

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Table 3.0 Soil Sodicity or Salinity

Exposure Pathways and Adverse Effects

SOURCES

Interactions
High Na = more toxic

Solutions
Irrigate; OM may help

Electrical Phytotoxicity, plant Conductivity water stress, nutrient uptake imbalances Sodium (Na) Phytotoxicity Sodicity

High Sodium Add any Ca:MgAdsorption Ratio rich material; OM (SAR) = high soil dispersion

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Table 4.0- Soil Physical Properties

SOURCES
Aggregation

Exposure Pathways and Adverse Effects

Rooting and moisture holding capacity Limits rooting and infiltration

Interactions

Solutions

Low OM = poor aggregation

Add OM and gypsum

Bulk Density

Low OM = high bulk density

Add OM and deep tillage

Texture

Moisture-holding and soil strength

High clay = poor tilth; High sand = low moistureholding

Modify with mineral soil amendments and add OM

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

Table 5.0 - Nutrient Deficiencies

SOURCES
High Calcium-toMagnesium Ratio (Ca:Mg)

Exposure Pathways and Adverse Effects

Induced Mg deficiency in plants; Can reduce growth or kill plants

Interactions

Solutions

Very strong acidity causes loss of exchangeable cations (Ca, K, Mg), which makes Mg deficiency more likely N/A

Add Mg

High C:N ratio

Limits nitrate availability to plants/limits growth.

Add N or high-N soil amendments, e.g., manures.

Low Carbon-toNitrogen Ratio (C:N)

Runoff and leaching of Nitrate

N/A

Add cellulosic C e.g., sawdust, rice hulls, or wood chips

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

CONCLUSIONS
Many soils, particularly those found in urban, industrial, mining, and other

disturbed areas suffer from a range of physical, chemical, and biological

limitations These include soil toxicity, too high or too low pH, lack of sufficient organic matter, reduced water-holding capacity, reduced microbial communities and compaction Soil amendments can reduce the bioavailability of a wide range of contaminants while simultaneously enhancing re-vegetation success and, thereby, protecting against offsite movement of contaminants by wind and water
The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse

Forest Site management| Philip Worlanyo Dugbley and Arif Irwansyah

The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization and Reuse