04 Fluid Properties

Fluid Properties
Basic Fluid Parameters Used in Reservoir Engineering (Viscosity, Compressibility, Volume Factor, GOR, Phase Diagrams)
Copyright 2007,
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What is Petroleum?

Petroleum: a natural yellow-to-black liquid hydrocarbon found at and beneath the earths surface, Hydrocarbon: an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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Crude Oils
Light Crude
Palo Pinto Field North Texas
Heavy Crude
Humble Oil Field Southwest Texas
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Crude Oils
Extra Heavy Oil (Orinoco Belt, Venezuela)
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Petroleum Products A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:

Gasoline - 19.5 gallons
One Barrel = 42 gallons
Fuel Oil - 9.2 gallons Jet Fuel - 4.1 gallons Asphalt - 2.3 gallons Kerosene - 0.2 gallons Lubricants - 0.5 gallons Petrochemicals, other products - 6.2 gallons
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Hydrocarbon
Combination of C and H
H H H
H C C C H
H
H C H
ETHANE
H H H
PROPANE
H
METHANE
H H
H C C H
H H
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Other elements in Reservoir Fluids

Water (Salinity) H2S
CO2
N2 Hg (Mercury)
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API Gravity
141 .5 API 131 .5 SG or 141 .5 SG API 131 .5
Where SG: Specific Gravity API: API Gravity (60degF)

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Viscosity ()

A measure of resistance to flow Symbols: o, g, w
Units: cp
Sources: Lab measurements, correlations Range and typical values
0.25 to 10,000 cp, Black oil 0.5 to 1.0 cp, Water 0.012 to 0.035 cp, Gas
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Variation of Viscosity with Pressure
Pb
Pressure
10
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Fluid Compressibility (Co, Cg, Cw)
Fractional change in volume due to a unit change in pressure Symbol: co, cg, cw Units: psi-1, microsips (1 microsip = 1x10-6 psi-1) Source: Lab measurements, correlations
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11
Oil Formation Volume Factor (Bo)

Oil at Surface
Oil Volume in Place Bo Oil Volume at Surface
Pb
Gas at Surface
Oil in Place
12
Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR)

Oil at Surface
Gas Volume at Surface GOR Oil Volume at Surface
Pb
Gas at Surface
Oil in Place
13
Exercise
There is 1,000,000 bbls of recoverable oil in reservoir. If you recover all of the oil to the surface, how much stock tank volume of oil and gas (standard condition) you can obtain? Assume: Bo = 1.2, GOR = 600, reservoir is saturated and no free gas is drained. If the oil price is $75/bbl and gas price is $10 /mscf, how much revenue can you get? (you do not have to consider production cost in this exercise).
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14
GOR is different from Gas in Solution (Rs)

GOR is the ratio of ALL the gas at surface and the oil at surface, while Rs is the ratio of gas in solution in the oil in the reservoir
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15
GOR Rs
Surface
GWR Vg1
GOR
Vg 1 Vg 2 Vg 3 Vo
GOR Vo Vg3
Vg2 Bo
Bw Bg
Rs
Reservoir
16
Gas-Oil Ratio (for Pr < Pb and no Free Gas Cap)
where:
GOR Rs Bo and Bg mo and mg krg/kro
Production gas oil ratio Gas in solution in oil Oil and gas volume factors Oil and gas viscosities Gas/oil-relative permeability-ratio
17
Hydrocarbons Classification
Black Oil <1750 Volatile Oil 1750 to 3200 Retrograde Gas > 3200 Wet Gas > 15,000* Dry Gas 100,000*
Initial Producing Gas/Liquid Ratio, scf/STB Initial StockTank Liquid Gravity, API Color of StockTank Liquid
< 45
> 40
> 40
Up to 70
No Liquid No Liquid
Dark
Colored
Lightly Colored
Water White
*For Engineering Purposes
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18
Hydrocarbons Classification
Black Volatile Retrograde Oil Oil Gas Bubblepoint Bubblepoint Dewpoint Wet Gas No Phase Change < 4* Dry Gas No Phase Change < 0.8*
Phase Change in Reservoir Heptanes Plus, Mole Percent Oil Formation Volume Factor at Bubblepoint
> 20%
20 to 12.5
< 12.5
< 2.0
> 2.0
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19
Hydrocarbon Behavior
(Single Component / Constant Temperature)
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20
Hydrocarbon Behavior
(Single Component / Constant Temperature)
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21
HYDROCARBON PVT PROPERTIES
DIFFERENTIAL GAS LIBERATION

Gas phase removal process in a hydrocarbon system, when gas is formed below the bubble point pressure. During the process the composition of the system continuously changes.
(A) (B) GAS EXTRACTION (C) GAS EXTRACTION
LIQUID
GAS
LIQUID PISTON
GAS
LIQUID PISTON
PISTON
LIQUID PISTON
LIQUID PISTON
PRESSURE DECREASE
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FLASH EXPANSION
Gas is formed from the liquid when de pressure is reduced, keeping in contact with the crude oil. The total composition of the system remains constant.
Pb
LIQUID PISTON GAS LIQUID PISTON LIQUID PISTON LIQUID PISTON GAS
PRESSURE DECREASE
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Typical PVT Data for Differential Vaporization of an Undersaturated Oil at Constant Temperature (305F)
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24
Five Reservoir Fluids

Black Oil Volatile Oil Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas
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The Reservoir Fluid Type

Determined using the pressure-temperature phase diagram. Requires knowledge of the reservoir to surface pressuretemperature path. Estimated using field data with rules of thumb.
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26
Phase Diagram Typical Black Oil
Pressure path in reservoir
Pressure, psia
Critical point
Dewpoint line
Black Oil % Liquid
Separator
Temperature, F
27
Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil

Pressure path in reservoir 2 Volatile oil 1
Critical point
Pressure
% Liquid
3 Separator
Temperature, F
28
Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas

Pressure path in reservoir 1 Retrograde gas 2
Pressure
Critical point % Liquid
Separator
Temperature
29
Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas

Pressure path in reservoir 1
Pressure
Wet gas
Critical point
% Liquid 2
Separator
Temperature
30
Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas

Pressure
Dry gas
% Liquid 2
Separator
Temperature
31
The Five Reservoir Fluids

Black Oil
Pressure path in reservoir Pressure, psia Critical point Black Oil % Liquid
Volatile Oil
Pressure path 1 Critical point in reservoir 2 Dewpoint line Pressure Volatile oil
% Liquid
The Five Reservoir Fluids

Separator
Separator
Temperature, F
Temperature
Pressure path in reservoir 1 Retrograde gas 2
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Wet gas
Critical point
Dry gas
% Liquid Critical point 3 % Liquid 2
% Liquid 2
Separator Temperature
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Retrograde Gas
Wet Gas
Dry Gas
32
Three Gases

Dry gas - gas at surface is same as gas in reservoir Wet gas - recombined surface gas and condensate represents gas in reservoir Retrograde gas - recombined surface gas and condensate represents the gas in the reservoir but not the total reservoir fluid (retrograde condensate stays in reservoir)
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33
Components of Naturally occurring Petroleum Fluids

Component Hydrogen sulfide Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Methane Ethane Propane i-Butane n-Butane i-Pentane n-Pentane Hexanes Heptanes plus Composition, mole percent 4.91 11.01 0.51 57.70 7.22 4.45 0.96 1.95 0.78 0.71 1.45 8.35 100.00
Properties of heptanes plus Specific Gravity 0.807 Molecular Weight 142 lb/lb mole
34
Initial Producing GLR Correlates With C7+
100000
Initial producing gas/liquid ratio, scf/STB
80000 60000 40000 20000 0 0 10 20 30 40 50
Dewpoint gas Bubblepoint oil
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %

35
Initial Producing GLR Correlates With C7+

1000000
100000 10000 1000 100 10 0.1 1 10 100

Dewpoint gas Bubblepoint oil
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36
Retrograde Gas
5000
4000
3000
2000 10 11 12 13 14 15

37
Three Gases What are the differences?

Dry gas - gas at surface is same as gas in reservoir Wet gas - recombined surface gas and condensate represents gas in reservoir Retrograde gas - recombined surface gas and condensate represents the gas in the reservoir But not the total reservoir fluid (retrograde condensate stays in reservoir)
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38
Field Identification
Black Oil <1750 Volatile Oil 1750 to 3200 Retrograde Wet Dry Gas Gas Gas > 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Initial Producing Gas/Liquid Ratio, scf/STB Initial StockTank Liquid Gravity, API Color of StockTank Liquid
< 45
> 40
> 40
Up to 70
No Liquid No Liquid
Dark
Colored
Lightly Colored
Water White
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39
Laboratory Analysis
Black Volatile Retrograde Oil Oil Gas Bubblepoint Bubblepoint Dewpoint Wet Gas No Phase Change < 4* Dry Gas No Phase Change < 0.8*
Phase Change in Reservoir Heptanes Plus, Mole Percent Oil Formation Volume Factor at Bubblepoint
> 20%
20 to 12.5
< 12.5
< 2.0
> 2.0

40
Primary Production Trends

Black Oil
GOR GOR
Volatile Oil
GOR
Retrograde Gas
GOR
Wet Gas
GOR
Dry Gas
No liquid
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
API
API
API
API
API
No liquid
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
41
Exercise
One of the wells in the Merit field, completed in December 1967 in the North Rodessa formation, originally produced 54API stock-tank liquid at a gas/oil ratio of about 23,000 scf/STB. During July 1969, the well produced 1987 STB of 58API liquid and 78,946 Mscf of gas. By May 1972, the well was producing liquid at a rate of about 30 STB/d of 59API liquid and gas at about 2,000 Mscf/d. What type of reservoir fluid is this well producing?
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42
Plot of Exercise
100000 Producing gas/oil ratio, scf/STB
90000 80000 70000 60000 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53
Stock-tank liquid gravity, API
50000 40000
30000 20000 10000 0 0 12 24 36
52 51 48 60
50 72
43
Months since start of 1967

Exercise Solution
Initial GLR over 3,200 scf/STB and producing gas-liquid ratio and stock tank oil gravity increasing with production, thus fluid Retrograde Gas Condensate is retrograde gas condensate Initial GLR over 15,000 scf/STB, thus fluid can be treated as wet gas GLR apparently started increasing immediately, indicating that pi = pd and the possibility of an oil zone
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44
EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS
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STANDING CORRELATION
Rs(Solution Gas, SCF/STB) and Bo (Oil volume factor, Bbl/STB) calculation
Rs = g
P 18
x
10 0.0125 10
o API
1.205
0.00091 T
when P Pb
F = Rs
g o
0.6
+ 1.25 T
Bo = 0.972 + 0.00014 F 1.175
Rs: Bo: P: T: g: o: o API: o:
Gas in solution, SCF/STB; Oil volumetric factor , Bbl/STB; Pressure, psi; Temperature F; Gas Specific gravity (air = 1); Oil Specific gravity (water = 1) ; Oil API Gravity Oil density, lb/ft3
46
Copyright 2007,
OIL DENSITY
o =
62.4 o + 0.0764 g Rs / 5.615 Bo

Where o= Oil density, lb/ft3 @ P,T
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GAS VOLUMETRIC FACTOR, Bg

The gas volumetric factor, Bg, can be determined using following equation, which is derived from state equation (PV = znRT)
zT Bg = 0.028269 (vol./vol.)
P: pressure, psia, T: temperature oR (= oF + 460) and z: supercompressibility factor.
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Gas density at P and T
g = gSC / Bg ,
Where gSC = 0.0764 g
Copyright 2007,

HOW TO DETERMINE FREE GAS AND CRUDE OIL VOLUME AT A GIVEN PRESURE AND TEMPERATURE CONDITION
RESERVOIR CONDITION
LIQUID 1 2 GAS Pr, Tr
BUBBLE PRESSURE
Pb
CONDITION AT A GIVEN POINT IN THE PIPE P, T
STANDARD CONDITIONS 14.7 psi, 60oF
P
14.7 psi 4 60o F
3 TWO PHASES
LIQUID PISTON
LIQUID
GAS
Vg P,T LIQUID Vo P,T PISTON
GAS
Vg SC
PISTON
LIQUID PISTON
Vo SC
1
Vo (P,T)= Bo x VoSC
4
GOR = Vg SC / Vo SC
Vg (P,T)= Bg X (GOR - Rs) x VoSC

EXERCISE APPLICATION OF FLUID PROPERTIES CALCULATIONS

A well is producing 35 oAPI oil at a rate of 1000 STB/day, with a GOR of 500 SCF/STB. Gas specific gravity is 0.65 (air = 1).
1) Calculate the oil and gas flow rates in ft3/sec. in a point of the tubing where the pressure is 800 psi and the temperature is 140 oF.. Assume Z= 0.9. Use empirical correlations for Bo, Bg, Rs Calculations
2) Calculate the oil and gas densities for the same conditions. Sol# Rs=152, F=307.9, Bo=1.089 Bg=.0189
Qo(800psi, 140 F) = Bo x Qo(STB/day) ,AnsQ0=1089 bpd Qg(800psi, 140 F) = BgxQo(STB/day)x(GOR Rs) 1 bbl = 5.615 ft3 y 1day=86400 sec

04 Fluid Properties

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Fluid Properties

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

Petroleum Products A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:

One Barrel = 42 gallons

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

Other elements in Reservoir Fluids

Water (Salinity) H2S

, All rights reserved

Where SG: Specific Gravity API: API Gravity (60degF)

A measure of resistance to flow Symbols: o, g, w

, All rights reserved

Variation of Viscosity with Pressure

, All rights reserved

Fluid Compressibility (Co, Cg, Cw)

, All rights reserved

Oil Formation Volume Factor (Bo)

Oil Volume in Place Bo Oil Volume at Surface

Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR)

Gas Volume at Surface GOR Oil Volume at Surface

, All rights reserved

GOR is different from Gas in Solution (Rs)

, All rights reserved

Gas-Oil Ratio (for Pr < Pb and no Free Gas Cap)

*For Engineering Purposes

, All rights reserved

*For Engineering Purposes

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

HYDROCARBON PVT PROPERTIES

DIFFERENTIAL GAS LIBERATION

, All rights reserved

HYDROCARBON PVT PROPERTIES

, All rights reserved

, All rights reserved

Five Reservoir Fluids

, All rights reserved

The Reservoir Fluid Type

, All rights reserved

Phase Diagram Typical Black Oil

Pressure path in reservoir

Black Oil % Liquid

Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil

Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas

Critical point % Liquid

Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas

Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas

The Five Reservoir Fluids

The Five Reservoir Fluids

Pressure path in reservoir 1 Retrograde gas 2

Pressure path in reservoir 1

% Liquid Critical point 3 % Liquid 2

, All rights reserved

Components of Naturally occurring Petroleum Fluids

Initial Producing GLR Correlates With C7+

Initial producing gas/liquid ratio, scf/STB

80000 60000 40000 20000 0 0 10 20 30 40 50

Dewpoint gas Bubblepoint oil

Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %