Procedures of Primary data collection

Exploratory research techniques

1. Expert surveys 2. Pilot surveys 3. Secondary data analysis

4. Qualitative research

A Classification of Qualitative Research Procedures

Qualitative Research Procedures

Direct (Non disguised)

Indirect (Disguised) Projective Techniques

Focus Groups

Depth Interviews

Association Techniques

Completion Techniques

Construction Techniques

Expressive Techniques

Some more approaches used for Primary data collection

Observation method : Observe a event, condition, people, behavior or process.

Communication method : Surveying people and recording their response for analysis. This is also known as survey method of data collection.

Survey methods of obtaining information (Interviews) survey method

Telephone

Personal

Mail

Traditional

CATI

In house (Traditional)

Intercept

CAPI

Traditional

Electronic

CATI - Computer assisted telephone interview CAPI - Computer assisted personal interview

Survey methods are structured data collection procedures

This involves administrating a formal questionnaire Questions are asked in pre assigned order

Telephone interviews
Traditional CATI

Personal interviews
In- house Mall intercepts CAPI

Mail interviews

Mailed questionnaire Electronic mails Internet interviews

Factors to be considered for decision of survey choice depend on the relative importance to the following

Flexibility of data collection

Extent of interaction of the interviewer with the respondent Clarification of questions/doubts

Diversity of questions Physical stimuli need for demonstration Sample control choice of respondent Control of environment demographic composition of target population, availability of mode of communication

Control over field workers Data quantity Response rate Surety of anonymity confidentiality level Sensitive information survey content- potentially embarrassing Qs Interviewer bias Speed How soon is the information required Cost availability of funds

Non Response :
Complete Partial

Steps to control non response

Call back, weighting, substituting

Response Rate Non response Error

Error that occurs when non response differs from response in a systematic way

Response Error
Error that occurs when data reported differs from actual data respondent initiated Interviewer bias

Observation method of data collection (used in descriptive research) Involves recording behavior patterns of people, events for the phenomenon of interest Structured verses unstructured observations Observer directed on what to observe, how to observe Observer not instructed exactly on what to observe, how to observe Disguised (indirect) verses undisguised (direct) Respondents awareness on their being observed

Natural verses contrived Observing behavior as it takes place naturally in actual environment Observing behavior as it takes place naturally in artificial environment

Behavioral observations Non Verbal ( actions) Linguistic analysis Extra linguistic analysis (pitch,tone) Spatial analysis Non behavioral observations Record analysis (content analysis) Physical conditions analysis (Store audits) Physical process analysis (Traffic flow/density)

Major procedures used in observational methods Observation methods

Personal Mechanical observation observation

Audit

Content analysis

Trace analysis

Personal observation Observer to observe the respondent Mechanical observation Mechanical devices used for observation People meter Pupil-o-meter Eye tracking monitor Psycho galvanometers Voice pitch analysis Audits Physical audits Content analysis This is used when observational phenomenon is communication.It does objective and systematic analysis of content Trace analysis Here the researcher plays the role of a detective

Next step is of Selecting an appropriate sample Sampling What is sampling Need for sampling

Population and sample

Parameters and statistic Sampling errors Using estimate Due to specific sampling procedure Selection of a sample Sample should be precise(low standard error),accurate,should be associated with a confidence level Methods of sampling Probability Sampling Methods

Sampling Methods

Sampling Methods

Probability Sampling

Non probability Sampling

Simple Random sampling Stratified sampling Systemetic Sampling Cluster sampling

Judgemental convenience Snowball quota

TYPES OF DATA

Primary Data
Secondary Data