Assignment on MUNSHI PREMCHAN D

SUBMITTED BY:SONAM VERMA SURESH NAIN VINAYAK JAISWAL

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INTRODUCTION TO THE AUTHOR

NAME:- MUNSHI PREMCHAND. DATE OF BIRTH:-July 31, 1880. PLACE OF BIRTH:- PANDEPUR(VARANASI). REAL NAME:- DHANPAT RAI. DATE OF DEATH:- 1936
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QUALIFICATION:-

F.A.( parallel to A levels) and his B.A.. He was keen on doing his masters in literature but circumstances in life prevented him from doing so. In 1921, influenced by Mahatma Gandhis call to leave Government Jobs. Premchand has been translated in many languages, there are 100s of Phds awarded on his work every year.

BIOGRAPHY

His father MUSHI AJAIB LAL was a clerk in the POSTAL DEPARTMENT. Premchand was just eight years old when his mother died. His grand-mother took the responsibility of raising him, but she died soon after that. Meanwhile his father married again and Premchand was left without the love of his father too. His education was in a madarasa under a MAULAVI, where he learnt Urdu.
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PERSONAL LIFE
When

he was studying in the ninth class he was married, much against his wishes. He was then fifteen. In 1919, while he was a teacher at Gorakhpur, he passed his B.A., with English, Persian and History. He had a second marriage with Shivarani Devi, a child-widow, who wrote a book on him, 'Premchand Gharmein' after his death. Premchand was the first Hindi author to introduce realism in his writings.
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He

pioneered the new art form - fiction with a social purpose.

He wrote of the life around him and made his readers aware of the problems of the urban middle-class and the country's villages and their problems. He supplemented Gandhiji's work in the political and social fields by adopting his revolutionary ideas as themes for his literary writings. Premchand was a prolific writer. In Mumbai his health was bad and after coming back to Varanasi he fell ill. After several days of sickness premchand died on Oct 8, 1936.

LITERARY WORKS
Munshi

premchand was a famous writer of modern Hindi - Urdu literature. He is a novel writer, story writer etc. He is known as UPANYAS SAMRAT which means a great emperor among novel writer.

Many of Premchands stories have themselves been translated into English and Russian. There is 100s of Ph.D.s awarded on his works every year. There is no University in India and abroad, where Hindi literature is taught and Premchand is not an important part of the syllabus.

FAMOUS NOVELS
1).

GODAN (Hindi),

2). RANGABHOOMI (Hindi), 3). PREMASHRAM (Hindi), 4). KARMABHOOMI (Hindi), 5). MANGALACHARAN (Hindi). 6). GHABAN (Hindi), 7). SEVASADAN (Hindi), 8). AHANKAR (Hindi), 9). VARDAN (Hindi), 10). MANGALASOOTRA (Hindi), 11). NIRMALA (Hindi), 12). PRATIGYA (Hindi). 13).KISHNA (Hindi). 14). KAAYAKALP(Hindi).

GODAAN
Godaan

was first published in 1936 and is considered the greatest Hindi novel of modern Indian literature, although originally written in Urdu, Themed around the socio economic deprivation as well as the exploitation of the village poor, The novel was the last complete novel of Premchand.

SYNOPSIS VIEW

The Story starts from a point where Hori has a deep desire of having a cow as other millions of poor peasants. He purchased on debt of Rs.80 a cow from Bola, a cowherd. Hori tried to cheat his brothers for 10 rupees. This in turn led to a fight between his wife and his younger brother Heeras wife. Jealous of Hori, his younger brother Heera poisoned the cow and ran away because of the fear of police action. When the police came enquiring the death of the cow, Hori took a loan and paid the bribe to the police and was able to clear off his younger brothers name. Jhunia, the daughter of Bhola, was a widow and eloped with Gobar after she got pregnant by him. Because of the fear of the action from villagers Gobar also ran away to the town.

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Hori

and Dhania were unable to throw a girl carrying their son's child from their doorstep and gave her protection and accepting her as their daughter-in-law. The village Panchayat takes action against Hori for sheltering a low caste girl and issued a penalty on Hori. Hori again is compelled to take a loan and pay the penalty. Hori is in huge debt from local money lenders and eventually married off his daughter Rupa for mere 200 rupees to save his ancestral land from being auctioned because of his inability to pay land tax. But his determination to pay those 200 rupees and to have a cow to provide milk to his grandson, leads to Hori's death because of excessive work.

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When

he is about to die, his wife Dhania took out all the money she had (1.25 Rupees) and made Hori pay the priest on behalf of ( Godaan) (cow donation). This eventually fulfils the traditional dream of Hori but still his desire to pay back the rupees 200 to his son- in- law and to have a cow to feed the milk to his grandson remain unfulfilled. Hori is shown as a typical poor peasant who is the victim of circumstances and possess all the deficiencies of common man but despite all this, he stands by his honesty, duties and judgement when time requires. He is shown dead partially satisfied and partially unsatisfied

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NIRMALA
"Nirmala"

was published in the year 1928.

Nirmala challenged the social norms and tackled with sensitive issues. Nirmala is a classic narrative of women as a victim, based on the theme of a young girl married to an elderly person.
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SYNOPSIS
Nirmala

is a story of a little girl who is married at an age of 15 to a person who is 20 years elder to her after her first marriage being cancelled due to dowry reasons. Nirmala's husband tries all tactics to woo her but she has only respect and a sense of duty for him and not the love which he expects to develop in her. By his first wife, Totaram has three sons and the eldest is just one year elder to Nirmala. Nirmala who is so tender and inexperienced does not understand that why she likes being with the eldest son and hates her husband..

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Why

she can be comfortable with the son but becomes uncomfortable at even the sight of his man. Then by the inferiority complex and Nirmala's cold attitude towards Totaram, a seed of mistrust is sown and from there starts the downfall of everything which Nirmala lays her hands on. One by one all the sons die. They lose all wealth and property. Some other deaths also occur. The most noticeable thing is that how he can write so poignantly by creating a situation rather than depending heavily on words. He makes the reader feel rather than tell him/her what to feel

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It is a readerly text than writerly. His comparisons, similes and idioms usage is well timed and well thought and piercing. The themes of his novel are the social ills and how despite being common that they are, have the potential to wreck whole families. Nirmala is a tragedy and it moves you. The real success of an author lies in the fact that the reader should continue to think about the characters and the situations long even after he has read them. And I continue to do so. For me Nirmala is a work of a man who is a brilliant author.

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SHORT SHORTIES
1.

MANSAROVAR (Hindi),

2. QAFAN (Hindi), 3. GUPT DHAN (Hindi), 4. KISHOR SAHITYA MALA (Hindi), 5. RAM CHARCHA (Hindi), 6. DURGADAS (Hindi), 7. QALAM KA SIPAHI (Hindi), 8. DUNIYA KA SABSE ANMOL RATAN (Hindi). 9. BUDHI KAKI (Hindi) 10. PANCH PARAMESHVAR (Hindi) 11. JUNGLE KI KAHANIYAN (Hindi) 12. MERI KAHANI (Hindi) 13. PARIKSHA & EIDGAH (Hindi) 14. DO BAILON KI KATHA (Hindi) 15. GULLI DANDA (Hindi), 16. RAM KATHA SHATRANJ KE KHILADI (Hindi)

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IDGAH
It

is one of the most well-known stories of Premchand.

SYNOPSIS

The story depicts a very poor boy(45 years of age), Hamid who lives with his grandmother(dadi) Amina. Hamid, the protagonist of the story has lost his parents and his grandmother old Amina fulfill their daily needs by doing some needle work for others. His Dadi has told him that very soon his father and mother will return home with lots of money, sweets and gifts for him from house of Allah. He is full of hope and happily waiting for that day.

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The

story starts on Eid (festival) morning, poor Hamid doesnt have new clothes and shoes like other children. He has only threepaise(very little money) as idi for the festival to spend in fair. His friends spent their pocket money on rides, candies and buying beautiful colorful clay toys (Bhishti, lawyer, policeman and a milkmaid). Hamid dismisses this wastage of money for momentary pleasure so while his friends are enjoying he overcome his temptation and went to hardware shop to buy a pair of tongs (chimta). He remembers how his grandmother (dadi) burns her hand while cooking rotis.

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The

story has touching end when Hamid gifts the chimta to his Dadi. At first she gets shocked/annoyed by his stupidity that instead of eating anything or buying any toy what he has brought is chimta. But then Hamid tells her that how she burns her fingers daily, while making rotis. She bursts into tears and blesses him for his kindnes

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POOS KI RAAT
This

one of the short stories named January night written by premchand .

This is a story of a tenant farmer named Halku and his plight against land lordship prevalent . Halku's fields are the centerline of this plot, being both, his only source of income as well as cause of all his problems.

Basically he had to choose between a blanket which got along with it the insult by the landlord for not paying the tax or cold and chilly January nights in the field to guard it upholding his honour and pride.

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There

was his friend lying underneath , jabra, the dog. when cold became intolerable halku picked up jabra patting his head , got him to fall asleep in his lap . the dog's body was giving a kind oil stink but halku embraced him. The field establishes the connection between a dog and its master in a wonderful way.. As the writer describes Halku sleeping under the shelter of cane leaves he also meant to show the significance those crops held. They were the shelter of his life. Even his own fields had turned against him in the darkness of night and transformed into scary and dangerous bushes.

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When the wild animals were destroying his field, he knew it, but couldn't gather the will to get up and save . It seemed that it was because of the physical inability that the cold weather had caused to him but more of it was because of the mental effect that the fields have had over his life. The left everything on jabra thinking that if jabra was there no wild animal would dare enter his field.. in the very next morning halku came to know from his wife that his entire field was ruined by wild animals . His wife said that now he would have to hire himself to pay money for taxes but he said that now he'll not have to sleep out in cold and find the blanket with some other plan.

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THEMES
The novel has several themes:
1)

Problems due to caste segregation: -

2) Exploitation of the lower class3) Exploitation of Women 4).Problems due to industrialization--5) Interpersonal relationships, Love, and marriage---6) Political scenario of the period---

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STYLE OF WRITING
Premchand

wrote in a very direct and simple style, and his words made their own magic. His protagonists were always the people he observed around him. His knowledge of the human psychology and his appreciation of the ironies of life made him a stellar writer. In keeping with his clean-cut style and lucid manner, reading Premchand is a great pleasure! He saw how the traditional system of the Indian Undivided Family was falling apart with the pressures of increased centralization of jobs in urban centers.

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TEACHING OF THE PREMCHAND

1. If you think business and ethics are aliens, you are mistaken Not only are ethics respected in business, they are a part of the law . 2. Earning profits may also be a unethical In Islamic finance, earning interest is unethical. 3.Religion deals with the inner self; business deals with the outer world Religion deals with contentment; business is a play of ambition. .
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4.

Before parents one must not utter jokes, must not show restlessness, must not show anger or temper 5. No man should scold his wife, and he must always maintain her as if she were his own mother. The biggest Guru Mantra is
NEVER SHARE YOUR SECRETS WITH ANYBODY . IT WILL DESTROY YOU.

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ACHIEVEMENT
Premchand

brought realism to Hindi literature. Premchand wrote on the realistic issues of the day-communalism, corruption, zamindari, debt, poverty, colonialism etc. He avoided the use of highly Sanskritzed Hindi and instead used the dialect of the common people. His stories vividly portrayed the social scenario of those times. His novels describe the problems of rural and urban India.

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CONCLUSION
He

can justly lay claim to the title of the best Hindi fiction writer ever. He started writing in Urdu. Later, he wrote only in Hindi. There is no University in India and Aboard, where Hindi literature taught and premchand is not an important part of the syllabus. Had Premchand been born in AMERICA or EUROPE, he would have certainly won the Nobel prize for literature.
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REFERENCES
1.

www.imdb.com

2. www.24dunia.com 3. www.meritnation.com 4. www.gomolo.com 5. www.brandbihar.com 6. Premchand.kahaani.org 7. www.hindisamay.com 8. En.wikipedia.org 9. www.scribd.com 10. www.slideshare.com
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KAUTLIYA
A

ARTHASHASTRA
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GENERAL INFORMATION
Born

around 350 BC

Born in Patliputra, Maghadh which is currently Patna, Bihar in India. Name at birth was Vishnugupta but was later known as Chanakya and Kautilya. Later became Prime Minister of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya.
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Occupation

:- Teacher and royal advisor.

Knownfor:Foundation of the MAURYA EMPIRE.

Notable work
1.
2.

Chanakya Neeti

ARTHASHASTRA(authorship disputed),

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TheArthashastradiscussesmonetary

andfiscal policies,welfare,international relations, andwar strategiesin detail.

The text also outlines the duties of a ruler. Neetishastrais a treatise on the ideal way of life, and shows Chanakya's deep study of theIndian way of life.

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Chanakya

also developedNeeti-Sutrasthat tell people how they should behave. Of these wellknown 455 sutras, about 216 refer torajaNeeti(the dos and don'ts of running a kingdom). Apparently, Chanakya used these sutras to groom Chandragupta and other selected disciples in the art of ruling a kingdom.

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Contd.
x Written in Sanskrit,
Contains

15 books, 150 chapters and 6000 sutras (shlokas), Covers over 180 topics. Known as a Book of Economics, state craft, Management, warfare, strategy etc Its a Book of Total Management
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CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION

Vishnugupta was born to Rishi Chanak in Patliputra who was a revolutionary against the evil emperor of Magadha. Chanak was exiled after publicly speaking out against the king. Vishnugupta left soon after to study at the famous Taxila University. Taxila was the best University of the time and offered education in many different fields

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After

completing his education, Vishnugupta became a professor at the Taxila University. Here he got the names Chanakya and Kautilya due to his fame and wits. Gandhar Republic attacked Taxila because the dim-witted prince of Taxila sent soldiers to the border to abuse and torture the people living there. Taxila was defeated in no time but Pours, the king of Gandhar, demanded that Gandharians not be attacked again and left without taking or destroying anything.

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EARLY LIFE

Chanakya was educated atTakshashila, an ancient center of learning located in northwestern ancient India (present-day Pakistan). He later became a teacher (acharya) at the same place. Chanakya's life was connected to two cities: Takshashila andPataliputra.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE ARTHASHASTRA

ARTHASHASTRA :In common parlance means ECONOMICS but the book includes much more than just economics

Arthashastra broadly covers fourteen areas. One deals with the King his training, apt of minister etc. Two describes the duties of various officers of the state and gives a Complete picture of the states activities. Three is concerned with law and administration of justice. .

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Four is on suppression of crimes. Five is a sundry collection of topics including salaries of officials. Six is on foreign policy and constituent elements of state.
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Contd.

is an exhaustive discussion on the way in which each of the six methods of foreign policy may be used in various situations.
Seven

Eight relates to calamities. Nine is on preparations of war.

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Ten is concerned with fighting and types of battle arrays. Eleven is on how must a conqueror deal with a number of chiefs rather than one king. Twelve shows how a weak king when threatened by a stronger one must overpower him. Thirteen is concerned with the conquest of the enemys fort by fighting. Fourteen deals with occult practices.

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Special Gifts and Abilities

Chanakya was amazing at guessing his enemys every move and never once did he fail to predict his enemys doings. He was also very good at persuasion. (defeating Rakshas) Chanakya was very good at spy work and managing spysystems and conducting unexpected attacks on his enemies (defeat of the Greeks) Chanakya was a great political philosopher who wrote the Arthashastra and Nitishastra. He has been called the Indian Machiavelli for his works

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LIST OF THE BOOKS ARE AS FOLLOWS

BOOK

1:- Concerning Discipline.

BOOK 2:- The Duties of Government Superintendents. BOOK3:- Concerning Law. BOOK 4:-Removal of Thorns. BOOK 5:-Conduct of Courtiers. BOOK 6:-The Source of Sovereign States. BOOK7:- The End of Six fold Policy.

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BOOK8:-Concerning

Vices and Calamities.

BOOK 9:-The Work of an Invader. BOOK 10:- Relating to War. BOOK 11:-The Conduct of Corporations. BOOK12:-Concerning a Powerful Enemy. BOOK 13:-Strategic Means to Capture a Fortress. BOOK 14:-Secret Means. BOOK 15:-The Plan of a Treatise.
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SEVEN PILLARS FOR AN ORGANISATION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

THE KING( The Leader) THE MINISTER( The Manager) THE COUNTRY(Your Market) THE FORTIFIED CITY( Head office) THE TREASURY THE ARMY(Your team) THE ALLY(Friend/consultant)
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USE OF ARTHASHASTRA in management principles

I.

ECONOMIC PHILOSOPHY

Wealth & well being of the subjects can be most advanced by a fair & efficient system of taxation, one which will supply the King with tax revenue but will not stifle economic growth.

PRINCIPLES OF IDEAL TAX SYSTEM:

Taxing power of State -> Not Unlimited, Taxation Not to be heavy or exclusive/ selective.

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Convenient to pay Easy to Calculate Inexpensive to administer Fair in its burden / based on ability to pay Does not restrict economic growth and dev.

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s.

II. ACCOUNTING

Detailed and accurate methods of accounting and auditing, as delineated in Arthasastra of Kautilya, reminds one of the accounting methods of a highly developed capitalist economy.

In this regard Kautilya puts forward detailed guidelines resembling modern accounting practices.
The

account books of different departments are to be presented in full before the audit officer in time. In case of delay due to unavoidable circumstances, some concessions in this regard may be made, but only up to a specified limit

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The

guidelines for checking up of the accounts by the audit and accounts officer are also prescribed in detail by Kautilya. Kautilya mentions various restrictions on the accounts officer and punitive measures against him, in case he fails to discharge his assigned duties in a proper way.

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III. TAXATION
Tax

has been the major source of revenue of the government from the very ancient times. Even today, it is the most important source of revenue of modern governments. The advantage of taxes is The money collected from this source is not to be returned to the payer, payment of taxes (by those on whom taxes are imposed) is compulsory, and no direct benefits are to be provided to the payees in exchange for tax payments. Moreover, tax policy may be used as an important fiscal instrument for regulating the economy.

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Nowadays, tax system has become extremely complicated because of increasing complexity of the economic system. Tax system as delineated in the Arthasastra of Kautilya was, however, less complicated and easier to implement. And it appears from the text that most of the taxes levied by the state were indirect commodity taxes. In Arthasastra there are detailed methods of tax collection and penalties for violation of each rule.

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IV. FISCAL POLICY

In

the Arthasastra, Kautilya emphasized strongly on the importance of a resourceful treasury for the functioning of the state. Moreover stress is laid on sound finance, measures to enhance and enrich the treasury and to generate surplus in the state budget. At the same time it is emphasized that revenue collection of the state should not harm the interests of the country and its people. insists on a surplus budget and suggests measures to avoid deficits in the budget. This is in conformity with ancient Indian principles of sound fiscal management which is quite contrary to modern practices of deficit budgeting.

Kautilya

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V.HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMNT

HRM Kautilya provides a systematic treatment of management of human resources as early as 4th century B.C. in his treatise titled "ARTHASHASTRA". As it has been described in the book, 1. There prevailed logical procedures andprinciples in respect of labour organizations such as shreni or guild system and cooperative sector. 2. The wages were paid strictly in terms of quantity and quality of work turned out and punishment was imposed forunnecessarily delay of work or spoiling it.

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3.

The government used to take active interest in the operation of both public and private sector enterprises and provided well-enunciated procedures to regulate employer-employee relationship 4. Kautilya provides excellent discussion on staffing and personnel management
embracingjob descriptions, qualifications for jobs, selection procedure, executive development, incentive system (sarasasaama-daana-bheda-danda caturaorcarrot and stick approach)and performance evaluation.

Wefindseveralindicationsofprevalenceofguildsystem involving performance of work at the residence of the entrepreneurs themselves.

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Appointment of trainees
A trainable person is the one who has the following qualities 1.Desire to learn 2.Effective listening ability 3.Ability to reflect (think from all angles) 4.Ability to reject false views 5.Intentness on truth not on any person
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VI.TOWN PLANNING AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Kautilya is well known as a strategist, and expert in political science, Law andorder, crime detection, town planning as well as good governance.
This

books principles andstrategies were studied, applied and practiced by rulers for many centuriesnamely Chandragupta Maurya, Emperor Asoka, Chatrapati Shiva Maharaja amongst others. The following paper throws light ona few areas of Town Planning, public facilities, maintenance of Law and order and as it is applicable in todays world.

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The

central theme of Kautilyas Arthashastra is:

Prajasukhe Sukham Raja,

PrajachaHite Hitam.

In the happiness of the subjectslies the benefit of the king and in what is beneficial to the subjects is his own benefit Kautilya believed that goodgovernance comes from understanding the benefit of the citizens. Even kings areadvice to take into consideration this aspect before they get into anydecision making process. In the well being of its citizens and in theirhappiness lies the benefit and the happiness of the ruler, advices Kautilya.

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VII.AGRICULTURE

Utilisation of Land Land Private Property allowed Administration of State Land

If Land is not Private Property States Land State to give it on lease Provision of seeds, cattle & cash by State for farming of State Land Leased Land- If not tilled, Land taken back
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Irrigation of Land States responsibility Co-operative work for Water Tanks promoted

Water Tax 20% to 33.33% of agricultural produce Total Tax incl. Land Revenue= 36.67% < Revenue < 50%

Exemptions from Water Tax for: New Water Tank - 100% for 5 years Renovated Water Tank- 100% for 4 years
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VIII. THEORY OF MOTIVATION

Sama

(counselling),

Dana (offering of gifts), Danda (Punishments), Bheda (creating a split)

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MANAGEMENT TOPICS IN ARTHASHASTRA

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

PRINCIPLE OF MANAGEMENT, MANAGEMENT EDUCATION, ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TIME MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP SKILLS CONTRACTS SELECTION OF EMPLOYEES
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FUNCTIONS
Kautilya defines the functions of these four castes according to the Vedic tradition:

I) BRAHMIN: studying, teaching, performing sacrifices for self, officiating at other peoples sacrifices, making gifts and receiving gifts.

II) KSATRIYA: studying, performing sacrifice for self, making gifts, living by (the profession of) arms and protecting beings.

III) VAISYA: studying, performing sacrifice for self, making gifts, agriculture, cattlerearing and trade.

IV) SUDRA: service of the three upper castes, engaging in an economic calling (viz., agriculture, cattle-rearing and trade) and the profession of the artisan and actor.

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QUOTATIONS FROM KAUTILYA

1. Vidwatwam cha nripatwam cha naive tulyam kadaachana
Swadeshe poojyante raajaa vidwaan sarvatra poojyate. 2. Pundit cha gunaah sarve moorkhe doshaah hi kevalam Tasman moorkha sahasrebhyah praajna eko vishishyate. 3. Korthah putrena jaatena yo Na vidwaan Na bhaktimaan Kaanena chakshushaa Kim vaa chakshuh peedaiva kevalam. 4.Laalayet pancha varshaani dasha varshaani taadayet Praapte tu shodashe varshe putram mitravadaacharet
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5.

Ekena shushka vrikshena dahyamaanena vahninaa Dahyate hi. Ekena shushka vrikshena dahyamaanena vahninaa Dahyate hi vanam sarvam kuputrena kulam tathaavanam sarvamkuputrena kulam tathaa.

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TEACHING OF THE KAUTILYA

1. A person should not be too honest. Straight trees are cut first and honest people are screwed first. 2. A good wife is one who serves her husband in the morning like a mother does, loves him in the day like sister does and pleases him like a prosturte in the night. 3. A man is born and dies alone; and he experiences the good and bad consequences of his karma alone; and he goes alone to hell or the Supreme abode. 4. As long as your body is healthy and under control and death is distant try to save your soul; when death is immanent what can you do?

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5. As a single withered tree, if set aflame, causes a whole forest to burn, so does a rascal son destroy a whole family. 6. Do not reveal what you have thought upon doing, but by wise council keep it secret being determined to carry it into execution. 7. Test a servant while in the discharge of his duty , a relative in difficulty, a friend in adversity. 8. It is better to die than to preserve this life by incurring disgrace. The loss of life causes but a moments grief every day of ones life.

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REFERENCES
1.en.wikipedia.org 2.www.bharatadesam.com 3. Hinduism.about.com 4. Bloggingthearthashastra.blogspot.com 5. www.penguinbooksindia.com
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CONTD.
6.

www.hinduwebsite.com

7. www.scribd.com 8. www.indiadivine.org 9. www.esamskriti.com 10. www.sscnet.ucla.edu

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