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► “To move”
What is motivation?
► The process of arousing and sustaining goal-
directed behavior
► an internal process that makes a person move
toward a goal
► about the way a person thinks and then acts
on what is important to them.
Broad Classification of Motivation:
1. Internal
Variable within the individuals that give rise to
motivation and behavior. Ex. Hierarchy of needs
2. Process
The nature of the interaction between the individual
and the environment. Ex. Expectancy Theory
3. External
Focuses on the elements in the environment and
consequences of behavior
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization –
personal growth & fulfilment
Higher
Order
Needs Esteem Needs – achievement, status,
responsibility, reputation
Theory X
► Assumes that workers have little ambition, dislike
work, want to avoid responsibility, and need to be
closely controlled.
► Assumed that motivated by lower-order needs
(physiological & security/safety needs)
► Managerial role is to coerce and control workers
based on these assumptions
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Y
► Assumes that workers can exercise self-direction,
accept and actually seek out responsibility, and
consider work to be a natural activity
► Assumed that motivated by higher-order needs
► Managerial role is to develop potential in
employees and help them release that potential
toward common objectives based on these
assumptions
The ERG Theory
Clayton Alderfer
Motivation Factor
► Work condition related to job satisfaction.
► Factors that energize employees
Hygiene Factor
► Work condition related to dissatisfaction caused
by discomfort or pain.
► Factors that do not motivate employees
HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY
Motivation Factor
► Real motivators. Ex. Achievement, responsibility,
recognition.
► Lead to positive mental health and challenge
people to grow, work to contribute to the
environment, and invest themselves in the
organization
Hygiene Factor
► Constitute the conditions in work. Ex. Better
working condition, salary, effective supervision
that make employees satisfied but not necessarily
motivated.
► Job dissatisfaction occurs when these factor is not
present or not sufficient.
► Do not directly affect a person’s motivation to
work BUT influences the person’s discontentment
To what extent is money a motivator?
Consider what happens when people win big lottery prize winners.
Give up work?
Inequity
► The situation in which a person perceives
he or she is receiving less than he or she is
giving or is giving less than he or she is
receiving
► Important role in the union-negotiated
benefits
Expectancy Theory
Victor Vroom
Valence?
To excel academically
Personal Goals and to maintain my
scholarship
Managerial Implications:
Organizations differ in the quality of the systems,
procedure develop and in results accomplish.
Managers can not assume they understand
employees’ needs.