SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Is a microwave repeater in the sky that consists of a diverse combination of one or more: receiver, transmitter, amplifier, regenerator, filter, onboard computer, multiplexer, demultiplexer, antenna, waveguide, and other electronic communications circuit.

TWO TYPES OF SATELLITE

Passive Satellite Active Satellite

Is a device that simply bounces signals from one place to another.

Is capable of receiving, amplifying, reshaping, regenerating, and retransmitting information.

KEPLERS LAW

1.The planets move in ellipses with the sun at one focus;

2. The line joining the sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal interval of time (law of areas);

3. The square of the time of revolution of a planet is divided by the cube of its mean distance from two bodies in space that interact through gravitation. (harmonic law)

PERIGEE
the distance closest approach to the Earth.

APOGEE
the distance farthest approach to the Earth.

semi-minor axis

SV

Earth apogee

perigee minor axis

major axis

Satellite that revolves around the earth at a constant speed once per day over the equator.

GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE

ADVANTAGES OF GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES 1. Remain almost stationary in respect to a given earth station; 2. Available to all earth stations within their shadow 100% of the time; 3. There is no need to switch from one geosynchronous satellite to another as they orbit overhead; 4. The effects of Doppler shift are negligible.

DISADVANTAGES OF GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES 1. Require sophisticated and heavy propulsion devices on- board; 2. High altitude geosynchronous satellites introduce much longer propagation delays; 3. Require higher transmit powers and more sensitive receivers; 4. High- precision spacemanship is required.

SATCOM V(143) SATCOM I (135) GALAXY (74)

WESTAR III (91)

COMSTAR I (128) WESTAR II(123.5) WESTAR V (119.5) SATCOM II (119) ANIK III (114) ANIK II ANIK I (109) (104)

COMSTAR II(95) TELESTAR (96) WESTAR IV (98.5) WESTAR I (99)

SATELLITE IN GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT

ORBITAL CALCULATIONS

Where v = velocity in meters per second d = distance above earths surface in km

ANGLE OF ELEVATION
Is the vertical angle formed between the direction of travel of an electromagnetic wave radiated from an earth station antenna pointing directly toward a satellite and the horizontal plane.

AZIMUTH
Is the horizontal angular distance from a reference direction, either the southern or northern most point of the horizon.

AZIMUTH ANGLE
Is defined as the horizontal pointing angle of an earth station antenna.

LIMITS OF VISIBILITY Determines the farthest satellite away that can be seen looking at east or west of the earth stations longitude.

TWO PRIMARY CLASSIFICATIONS FOR COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES Spinner - uses the angular momentum of its spinning body to provide roll and yaw stabilization. Three-axis stabilizer - the body remains fixed relative to earths surface.

FOOTPRINT/ FOOTPRINT MAP The geographical representation of a satellite antennas radiation pattern. EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC POWER Is defined as an transmit power. RADIATED equivalent

SATELLITE SYSTEM LINK MODELS Uplink Satellite transponder Downlink

To satellite Baseband in FDM or PCM/TDM Up-converte r transponder

PCM/TDM Modulator (FM,PSK,QAM)

BPF

IF

mixer

RF

BPF

HPA

MW Generator 6GHz or 14GHz

Frequency Translator

BPF

Low noise amplifier LNA

RF
mixer

RF
BPF

Lowpower amplifier TWT

From earth station 6GHz or 14GHz

MW shift oscillator 2GHz

to earth station 4GHz or 12GHz

to other tranponders

From satellite transponder

Down Converter
baseband out FDM or PCM/TDM

BPF

Low noise amplifier LNA

RF

mixer

IF

BPF

Demodulator (FM,PSK, or QAM)

MW generator 4GHz or 12GHz

BACK-OFF LOSS
The output level is backed off from rated level is equivalent to a loss.

ENERGY PER BIT (Eb)

Eb = Pt Tb Where; Eb = energy of a single bit (joules per bit) Pt = total saturated output power (watts or joules per sec.) Tb = time of a single bit (seconds)

where fb is the bit rate in bits per second

Example: For a total transmit power (P1) of 1000W, determine the energy per bit (Eb) for a transmission rate of 50Mbps.
Solution:

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

Where EIRP= effective isotropic radiated power (watts) Pin= antenna input power (watts) At = transmit antenna gain (unitless)

For log,

Where

Lbo= back-off losses of HPA (decibels) Lbf= total branching and feeder loss (decibels) At= transmit antenna gain (decibel) Pt= saturated amplifier output power (dBW per watt)

Example: For an earth station transmitter with an antenna output power of 40 dBW (10,000W), a back-off loss of 3 dB, and a transmit antenna gain of 40 dB, determine the EIRP. Solution:

EQUIVALENT NOISE TEMPERATURE

Where

N= total noise power K= Boltzmanns constant (joules/ Kelvin) B= bandwidth (hertz) T= temperature of the environment (Kelvin)

Where

Te= equivalent noise temperature (Kelvin) F=noise factor (unitless) T= temperature of the environment (Kelvin) Therefore,

Example: Convert noise figure of 4dB and 4.1dB to equivalent noise temperatures. Use 300 K for the environmental temperature. Solution: converting the noise figure to noise factors yields

Noise Density

Where

No= noise density (W/Hz) N= total noise power (watts) B= bandwidth (hertz) K= Boltzmanns constant (Joules/Kelvin) Te= equivalent noise temperature (Kelvin)

CARRIER-TO- NOISE DENSITY RATIO

C/No Is the average wideband carrier powerto-noise density ratio. Wideband carrier power Is the combined power of the carrier and its associated sidebands.

Expressed as log,

Energy of Bit-to-Noise Density Ratio

Expressed as a log,

Gain-to Equivalent Noise Temperature Ratio Is a figure of merit used to represent the quality of a satellite or earth station receiver.

Where,

G=receive antenna gain (dB) Ts=operating or system temp.(K)

Where,

Ta=antenna temp.(K) Tr=receiver effective input noise temp.

SATELLITE SYSTEM LINK EQUATIONS Link Equations Are used to separately analyze the uplink and downlink sections of the single radio-frequency carrier satellite system. UPLINK EQUATION

DOWNLINK EQUATION

Satellite radio - is a radio service that uses satellites circling Earth to broadcast its programming. High-definition satellite service - or satellite HD -- is one service option for HDTV. High-definition television - can display images that are much clearer and more colorful than standard television.

semi-minor axis

SV

Earth apogee

perigee minor axis

major axis