DR. J. S.

LEE SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE & NUTRITION

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Physical properties of foods ?

Properties that lend themselves to description and quantification by physical rather than chemical means. Important in product handling, processing and consumer acceptance. Product Handling:

engineering parameter of shape, size, volume, density & surface area.

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Product Handling:
storage of grains & seeds in silos, mechanical harvesting, transportation (withstand static & dynamic loading), etc. Product Processing: Thermal, mechnical, rheological, electrical properties, etc.

Thermal: specific heat, conductivity in food processing (heat treatment, canning, freezing, dehydration etc..)
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Product Processing:
Mechanical & rheological: govern the behaviour of solid materials during reduction process, flowing of fluid, etc. Electrical: conductivity while separating similar seed varieties, disperse hydrocolloid in H2O, etc. Dielectric properties govern the behaviour of food in dielectric & microwave heating. others: surface tension, surface rheology, contact area etc.
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Consumer Acceptance:
related to sensory quality of food products, such as mechanical properties and rheological properties affect the sensory property of texture. Geometrical Surface Optical

Physical Properties of Foods

Thermal
Mechanical (rheological)
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Electrical

Units & Dimensions 3 system of units (std of measures): 1. International System of Units (SI) 2. Centimetre gram second (cgs) 3. Imperical Systems of Units [pounds, ounce,] The SI metric system has 7 basic/fundamentals unit (not relate to each other, mutually independent). All other SI units are called derived units (defined in terms of these 7 units).
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There is a set of 16 prefixes to form multiples & submultiples of SI units.

Factor 1018 1014 1012 109 106 103 10-6 10-12 Prefix Exa Peta Tera Giga Mega Kilo Micro Pico
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Symbol E P T G M k p
Handout distributed.
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Fundamental Units
1. Mass Dimension: [M] ; SI unit: kilogram (kg) Quantity of material making up an object. Differ from wt.

Wt is a measure of the gravitational force of pull acting on an object. The corresponding unit is the Newton (N). Mass of an object remains constant but its wt changes according to its distance from earth or another planet.
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Fundamental Units
1. Mass Example: The mass of a boy is 40 kg but the wt on the earth is 40 kg X 9.80 ms-2 (acceleration due to gravity), which is 400 N. 2. Length Dimension: [L] ; SI unit: metre (m) 3. Time Dimension: [T] ; SI unit: second (s)
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Fundamental Units
4. Temperature Dimension: [] ; SI unit: Kelvin (K) Degree of hotness of a body. Heat transfer until thermal equilibrium is achieved (= temp). 100oC 50oC

Normally reproducible fixed points are used to set up a scale of temp (often the melting point or boiling point of pure substances).
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Fundamental Units
4. Temperature The property chosen must be easily measured & changes in a uniform manner. Most commonly used is the melting point of ice & the boiling point of water under atmospheric pressure (at sea level). The 1oC interval is 1/100 times bet the boiling point & freezing point of water, whereas the 1 oF interval is 1/180 times. Therefore, it is > precise to record temp to 1 oF than 1 oC.
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4 basic temperature scales

Tyep of scale Celcius (oC) Fahrenheit (oF) Kelvin (K) Rakine (oR) Melting point of water 0 32 273.15 492 Boiling point of water 100 212 373.15 672 Temperature conversion TC = 5/9 (TF 32) TF = 9/5(TC) +32 TK = TC + 273.15 TR = TF + 460

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Fundamental Units
4. Temperature If temp is reduced < 0, a point is finally reached at which all molecular motion stops & the kinetic energy of the molecule becomes 0. The temp at this point is known as absolute zero or zero Kelvin. The interval 1 K is = 1 oC.

K & R temp are > commonly used for calculation in equations such as the ideal gas & Arrhenius equations.
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Fundamental Units
5. Electric Current Dimension: [I] ; SI unit: Ampere (A) A measure of the flow of electrons. 6. Luminous Intensity

Dimension: [?] ; SI unit: candela (cd)

A measure of brightness of a light source.

7. Amount of Substance
Dimension: [?] ; SI unit: mole (mol)
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Fundamental Units

7. Amount of Substance
When the mole is used, the elementary entity in the system must be specified & may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or specified groups of such particles.

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Derived Units
Units derived from the 7 fundamental units.

Examples:
Area: [L2] (m2) Density: [ML-3] (kgm-3)

Velocity: [LT-1] (ms-1)

Acceleration: [LT-2] (ms-2)

Force: [MLT-2] (kgms-2 or N)

Pressure: [ML-1T-2] (kgm-1s-2 or Nm-2)
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Units & Dimensions

The unit of a physical quantity and its dimension are related, but not precisely identical concepts. The units of a physical quantity are defined by convention and related to some standard; e.g. length may have units of meters, feet, inches, miles or micrometres; BUT

any length always has a dimension of L, independent of what units are arbitrarily chosen to measure it.
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Units & Dimensions

Two different units of the same physical quantity have conversion factors between them. For example: 1 in = 2.54 cm; then (2.54 cm/in) is called a conversion factor (between two representations expressed in different units of a common length quantity) and is itself dimensionless and equal to one.

There are no conversion dimensional symbols.

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factors

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Units & Dimensions

In the physical sciences and in engineering, the dimension of a physical quantity is the expression of the class of physical unit that such a quantity is measured against. The dimensions of a physical quantity are associated with symbols, such as M, L, and T which represent mass, length, and time.

Depending on the field of physics, it may be advantageous to choose one or another extended set of dimensional symbols.
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Units & Dimensions Most common: M, L & T In electromagnetism: Q (electric charge)

In thermodynamic: T (temperature)
In chemistry: no of molecules

The choice of the base set of dimensions is thus partly a convention, resulting in increased utility and familiarity.
It is important for ease of communications to have the entire community of scientists making the same choices.
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Units & Dimensions

The SI system of units, with the associated choices of their corresponding dimensions is most widely used and has essentially replaced several confusing and overlapping choices.

The choice of the dimensions or even the number of dimensions to be used in different fields of physics is to a certain extent arbitrary, but consistency in use and ease of communications are paramount.
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Units & Dimensions

Dimensional analysis may be used to check the plausibility of physical equations: the two sides of any equation must be commensurable or have the same dimensions, i.e., the equation must be dimensionally homogeneous. Physical quantities having different dimensions cannot be compared to one another either. Only like dimensioned quantities may be added, subtracted, compared, or equated.
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Enrolment key: RHEOLOGY

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