Generation of Electricity from Coal

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In this Presentation
Basic of Power Generation Basic information on Coal/Fuel Oil Combustion Process Power Plant Cycle Factors affecting Efficiency Boilers and Turbines Transmission of Power and Switching

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How Generated electricity reached customer

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Simplified Diagram

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Coal to Electricity .. Basics

Pollutants

Coal

Super Heated Steam

Heat Loss In Condenser

Turbine Torque
Mech. Energy Loss

Alternating current in Stator

Elet. Energy Loss

Heat

ASH

Loss

Chemical Energy

Thermal Energy

Kinetic Energy

Electrical Energy

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MAJOR ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA

Patna Vindhyachal Gandhinagar Indore Pipavav Bhopal Korba

Kolkata

WR
Tarapur Mumbai

Talcher/Ib Valley Raipur Bhubaneswar

Hyderabad

Vizag Simhadri

LEGEND
Generation Coal Load-Centre

SR
Kaiga Kozhikode Mangalore Bangalore Krishnapatnam Ennore South Madras Chennai Cuddalore Kayamkulam Thiruvananthapuram

Hydro

Lignite Coastal

Kudankulam
COLOMBO

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Nuclear

MY

AN

ER

MM

BANGLA DESH

AR

Major Energy Sources of India

* Hydro Potential : 1,10,000

> 25,000MW already installed > 19,000MW under implementation
Jammu
23,000MW

> 66,000MW still to be exploited

* 90% coal reserves in ER & WR

53,000MW SIKKIM 1,700MW

Ludhiana

NR
RAPP Jaipur

Delhi

NEPAL
Partabpur Lucknow

BHUTAN
Guwahati
CHICKEN NECK

NER

SRI LANKA

RES 5%

Nuclear 3%

Why Coal?
Advantages of Coal Fuel Shortcomings of Coal Abundantly available in India Low cost Technology for Power Generation well developed. Easy to handle, transport, store and use Low Calorific Value Large quantity to be Handled Produces pollutants, ash

Hydel 26%

Coal 55% Diesel 1% Gas 10%

Share of Coal in Power Generation

Disposal of ash is Problematic

Reserves depleting fast

Indias Coal Reserves are estimated to be 206 billion tonnes. Present consumption is about 450 million tonnes. Cost of coal for producing 1 unit of electricity (Cost of coal Rs 1000/MT)is Rs 0.75. Cost of Gas for producing 1 unit of electricity (Cost of Gas Rs 6/SMC)is Rs 1.20.
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Knowing more about Coal

Coal Properties Calorific Value Grade of Coal (UHV) Proximate Analysis Ultimate Analysis Ash and Minerals Coal Transportation Rail

Truck
Conveyor Ship

Grindability
Rank Coal production Surface Mining Underground Mining Physical Characteristics

Coal production
Surface Mining Underground Mining

Coal Beneficiation
Why? Processes Effectiveness

Useful Heat Value (UHV) UHV= 8900-138(A+M)

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Boiler/ steam generator

Steam generating device for a specific purpose. Capable to meet variation in load demand Capable of generating steam in a range of operating pressure and temperature For utility purpose, it should generate steam uninterruptedly at operating pressure and temperature for running steam turbines.

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Boiler/ steam generator

1. 2. 3. Raw materials for design of boilers o Generating heat energy Coal from mines Ambient air Water from natural resources (river, ponds) o Air for combustion o Working fluid for steam generation, possessing heat energy

A 500MW steam generator consumes about 8000 tonnes of coal every day It will be considered good, if it requires about 200 cubic meter of DM water in a day It will produce about 9500 tonnes of Carbon di Oxide every day
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Types of Boilers
Fire-Tube Boilers Fire-tube
boilers rely on hot gases circulating through the boiler inside tubes that are submerged in water. These gases usually make several passes through the tubes, thereby transferring their heat through the tube walls and causing the water to boil on the other side. Fire-tube boilers are generally available in the range of 20 through 800 boiler horsepower (bhp) and in pressures up to 150 psi.

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Types of Boilers
Electric Boilers Electric
boilers are very efficient sources of hot water or steam, which are available in ratings from 5 to over 50,000 kW. They can provide sufficient heat for any HVAC requirement in applications ranging from humidification to primary heat sources.

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Types of Boilers
Water Tube Boiler:
Here the heat source is outside the tubes and the water to be heated is inside. Most highpressure and large boilers are of this type. In the water-tube boiler, gases flow over waterfilled tubes. These water-filled tubes are in turn connected to large containers called drums.

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Steaming Capacity
Large boiler capacities are often given in Tonnes of steam evaporated per hour under specified steam conditions

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Coal analysis
Typical composition (Proximate analysis) 1. Fixed carbon 2. Fuel ash 3. Volatile material 4. Total Moisture 5. Sulfur o High calorific value/ Lower calorific value (Kcal/kg) o Hardgrove Index (HGI)

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Combustion of coal
Carbon, hydrogen, sulfur are sources of heat on combustion Surface moisture removed on heating during pulverization. Inherent moisture and volatiles are released at higher temperature, making coal porous and leading to char/ coke formation. (Thermal preparation stage)

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Flame Inside Furnace

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Fuel Oil
Three liquid fuels used in power plants 1. Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) 2. LSHS (Low Sulfur Heavy stock) 3. High speed Diesel (HSD)
Oil firing is preceded by Lowering viscosity and increasing flowability on heating for better combustion in given turn down ratio.(125oC) Droplet formation on atomization (by steam/ compressed air/ mechanical pressurization) Combustion initiation by High energy spark ignition

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Combustion of reactants
Reaction rate depends on concentration of one of the reactants Concentration varies on partial pressure of the reactants. Partial pressure is a function of gas temperature. Therefore, reaction rate depends on temperature and substance that enter the reaction.

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 Main reactions
2C C + O2 + O2

Combustion Reactions (Carbon)

= 2CO + 3950 BTU/lb (Deficit air) = CO2 +14093 BTU/lb

Secondary reactions
2CO + O2 2CO -7.25MJ/kg = 2CO2 + 4347BTU/lb C + CO2 =

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 Carbon reaction
2C + C + reaction at 1200oC 4C + Reaction at 1700oC 3C +

Combustion Reactions (Carbon)

O2 O2
3O2 2O2

=2CO =CO2

[Eco =60kJ/mol] [Eco2 =140kJ/mol]

=2CO + 2CO2 (Ratio 1:1) = 2CO +CO2 (Ratio 2:1)

It is desirable to supply combustion air at lower temperature regime in furnace

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 Hydrogen reaction 2H2 + O2 Sulfur reaction S +

Combustion Reaction (H2, S)

= 2H2O +61095 BTU/lb

O2

= SO2 + 3980 BTU/lb (undesirable)

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Coal for combustion

Anthracite Semi-anthracite Bituminous Semi-Bituminous Lignite Peat High CV, low VM High CV, low VM Medium CV, medium VM Medium CV, medium VM Low CV, high VM, high TM Very low CV, high VM & TM

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Basic Power Plant Cycle

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Factors Affecting Thermal Cycle Efficiency

Initial steam Pressure Initial Steam Temperature Whether reheat is used or not, and if used reheat pressure and temperature Condenser pressure Regenerative feed water heating

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Benchmark for 500 MW Plant Implementation

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ARRANGEMENT OF MAIN BOILER (STEAM GENERATOR)

A STEAM GENERATOR IS A COMPLEX INTEGRATION OF THE FOLLOWING ACCESSORIES: * ECONOMISER * BOILER DRUM * DOWN COMERS * CCW PUMPS * BOTTOM RING HEADER * WATER WALLS
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* LTSH * DIV PANEL * PLATEN SH * REHEATER * BURNERS * APHs

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Tangential Firing System

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Steam Flows from Boiler to turbine

Bypass

Turbine

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to >1300MW

to >1300MWf
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Turbo Generator

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Enthalpy drop in steam Turbine

Process 5-6 takes place in turbine and the work produced is the difference between point 5 and point 6.

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Impulse and reaction Turbine

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Turbine are multistage

The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam

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Generator Transformer

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Electrical Systems in Power Plant

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Switchyard One line Diagram

Transfer Bus 400 KV Main Bus II Main Bus I

Bus Isolator

CB CB CB Transfer Bus Bay

GT 20.5/400KV
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Gen Bay

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Feeder Bay

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400 KV Switchyard

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SF6 CB

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SF-6 Breaker

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800 KV GIS

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Power Supply Systems

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Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution

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THANK YOU

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