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Businesses of every size organize data records into collections called databases. At one extreme, small businesses use databases to keep track of customers; at the other extreme, huge corporations such as Dell and Amazon.com use databases to support complex sales, marketing, and operations activities. In between, we have businesses like FlexTime that use databases as a crucial part of their operations, but they dont have a trained and experienced staff to manage and support the databases. To obtain answers to the one-of-a-kind queries he needs, Neil needs to be creative and adaptable in the way that he accesses and uses his database. This chapter discusses the why, what, and how of database processing. We begin by describing the purpose of databases and then explain the important components of database systems. We then overview the process of creating a database system and summarize your role as a future user of such systems. Users have a crucial role in the development of database applications. Specifically, the structure and content of the database depends entirely on how users view their business activity. To build the database, the developers will create a model of that view using a tool called the entity-relationship model. You need to understand how to interpret such models, because the development team might ask you to validate the correctness of such a model when building a system for your use. Finally, we describe the various database administration tasks. This chapter focuses on database technology. Here we consider the basic components of a database and their functions. You will learn about the use of database reporting and data mining in Chapter 9.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-2
Study Questions
Q1 What is the purpose of a database?
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development? How is a data model transformed into a database design? What is the users role in the development of databases? 2020?
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General Rule
Lists of data involving a single theme can be stored in a spreadsheet. Lists that involve data with multiple themes require a database.
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Study Questions
Q1 What is the purpose of a database?
Q2 What is a database?
Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development? How is a data model transformed into a database design? What is the users role in the development of databases? 2020?
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Database
Database: A self-describing collection of integrated records In databases, bytes are grouped into columns, such as Student Number and Student Name. Columns are also called fields. Columns or fields, in turn, are grouped into rows, which are also called records.
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Components of a Database
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Metadata
Database:
A database is a self-describing collection of integrated records.
Metadata
Data that describe data
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Study Questions
Q1 Q2 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database?
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Study Questions
Q1 Q2 Q3 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system?
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Designed for smaller, simpler database applications Used for personal or small workgroup applications that involve fewer than 100 users (normally fewer than 15), single user
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-31
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Study Questions
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful?
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Entities
Some thing that the users want to track Examples of entities:
Order, Customer, Salesperson, and Item. Some entities represent a physical object, such as Item or Salesperson; others represent a logical construct or transaction, such as Order or Contract. Entity names are always singular.
Attributes
Describe characteristics of an entity. Examples: order attributes are OrderNumber, OrderDate, SubTotal, Tax, Total, and so forth.
Identifier
An attribute (or group of attributes) whose value is associated with one and only one entity instance.
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1:N = many-to-many relationships One department can have many advisers, but an adviser has at most one department.
N:M = many-to-many relationships One adviser can have many students and one student can have many advisers.
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Advisers may advise in more than one department, but a student may have only one adviser, representing a policy that students may not have multiple majors.
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Minimum cardinalityminimum number of entities that can be involved in a relationship. Small oval means that the entity is optional; the relationship need not have an entity of that type.
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Study Questions
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development?
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Database Design
Database design is the process of converting a data model into tables, relationships, and data constraints. Database design team transforms entities into tables and expresses relationships by defining foreign keys. Two important database design concepts: normalization and the representation of two kinds of relationships. Normalization is a foundation of database design. Representation of relationships will help you understand important design considerations.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-43
Normalization
Normalization is the process of converting a poorly structured table into two or more well-structured tables. Problem with these tables, have two independent themes: employees and departments.
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Summary of Normalization
Database practitioners classify tables into various normal forms according to the kinds of problems they have. Transforming a table into a normal form to remove duplicated data and other problems is called normalizing the table. Normalization is just one criterion for evaluating database designs. Normalized designs can be slower to process, database designers sometimes choose to accept nonnormalized tables. The best design depends on the users processing requirements.
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Representing Relationships
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Study Questions
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development? How is a data model transformed into a database design?
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Users Role
Users are the final judges of: What data the database should contain, How tables should be related. Users review data model to be sure it accurately reflects users view of the business.
Mistakes will come back to haunt you. Easiest time to change database structure is during data modeling stage. Changing a relationship from one-to-many to many-to-many in a data model is simply a matter of changing the 1:N notation to N:M. User review of the data model is crucial.
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5-53
Study Questions
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development? How is a data model transformed into a database design? What is the users role in the development of databases?
Q8 2020?
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Data Aggregators
Acxiom obtain data from public and private sources and store and process it in sophisticated ways.
Use your grocery store club card, that data is sold to a data aggregator. Credit card data, credit data, public tax records, insurance records, product warrantee card data, voter registration data, and hundreds of other types of data are sold to aggregators.
Using a combination of phone number, address, email address, name, and other partially identifying data, such companies can integrate that disparate data into an integrated, coherent whole to form detailed descriptions about companies, communities, zip codes, households, and individuals.
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Data Aggregators
Laws that limit the data that federal and other governmental agencies can acquire and store. Some legal safeguards on data maintained by credit bureaus and medical facilities. No such laws that limit data storage by most companies (nor are there laws that prohibit governmental agencies from buying results from companies like Acxiom.
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What If
You enroll in a healthy eaters medical insurance program, similar to safe drivers auto insurance. Your premiums are lower because you eat well, except that the insurance company notes from last months data that you bought four large packages of Cheetos, and your health insurance premium is increased, automatically. You have no idea why.
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Active Review
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 What is the purpose of a database? What is a database? What are the components of a database application system? How do database applications make databases more useful? How are data models used for database development?
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
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