Overview of Data Communication and Computer Networks

Computer Communication and Networks

Outline

Data Communication Overview

Definition Components Protocols and standards

Connectivity Categories Internetworks

Network Overview

Motivations

Efficient way to share resources

Cost less expensive Accessibility easier Time faster Size bigger Correctness more accurate

Efficient way to exchange information

Data Communication: Definition

Data Communication:
Transfer of data from one device to another via some form of transmission medium.

Data Communication
Hi, how Hi, how

are
you?

are
you?

Hi, how are you?

Hi, how are you?

Computer

User

01010001

01010001

Components in Communication
1 Message
Hi, how are you?

5 Protocol

Sender

3 Receiver

4 Medium

Data Representation

Numbers

8/16/32 bit integers floating point ASCII, Unicode

150 2

Text

Images

255

Bit patterns, Graphics formats JPG/GIF/etc

Audio Samples of continuous signal Video Sequence of bitmap images

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Protocols and Standards

Protocol

A set of rules governing data communications

Syntax: format of data block Semantics: meaning of each section Timing: speed and sequencing

Standards

De facto (in practice) standards

not approved but widely adopted

De jure (in law) standards

approved by an organization

Standards Organizations

Creation Committees

ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, EIA

Forums Regulatory Agencies

Direction of Data Flow

Simplex: One direction only

data flow

Server data flow

Monitor

Keyboard

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Direction of Data Flow

Half Duplex: Both directions, one at a time

data flow at time 1 data flow at time 2

E.g., walkie-talkies

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Direction of Data Flow

Full Duplex: Both directions simultaneously

data flow data flow

E.g., telephone

Can be emulated on a single communication link using various methods

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Networks

Network: a set of devices connected by

media links

Laptop
iM ac

Workstation Media Links

Server
SD

Printer

Scanner
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Types of Connections

Point-to-point Multipoint (multidrop)

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Point-To-Point Connection

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Multipoint Connection

Wireless

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Topology

Topology: physical or logical arrangement of devices

Mesh Star Bus Ring Hybrid

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

E

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

Pros:

Dedicated links Robustness Privacy Easy to identify fault A lot of cabling I/O ports Difficult to move

Cons:

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Star Topology
A D

Hub

Drop

B
Drop

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Star Topology
A D

Switch

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Star Topology
A D

Hub

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Star Topology

Pros:

Hub

One I/O port per device Little cabling Easy to install Robustness Easy to identify fault

Cons:

Single point of failure More cabling still required

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Bus Topology

Drop line Tap

Terminator

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Bus Topology
A B C D

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Bus Topology

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Bus Topology

Pros:

Little cabling Easy to install

Cons:

Difficult to modify Difficult to isolate fault Break in the bus cable stops all transmission

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Ring Topology
C D B

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Ring Topology

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Ring Topology

Pros:

Easy to install Easy to identify fault

Cons:

Delay in large ring Break in the ring stops all transmission

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Hybrid Topologies

PWR

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PWR

10M100M ACT ACT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112

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Network Categories

Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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Local Area Networks

Network in a single office, building, or campus

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Wide Area Networks

Network providing long-distance communication over a country, a continent, or the whole world

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Metropolitan Area Networks

Network extended over an entire city

Bangkhen

Kampangsaen

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Network of Networks

Company A
Network Interface Card (NIC)

Company B

Company C

Company D
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Internetworking

How to allow devices from different standards to communicate Gateways/routers devices capable of communicating in several standards

These become "network of networks"

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Internetworks

Two or more networks connected become an internetwork, or internet

Network1 Network2

Gateway

Network3

Example: The Internet

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The Internet

The largest internetwork (network of networks) in the world Devices communicating with TCP/IP protocol suite
Stanford U. of Utah

UC Santa Barbara

UCLA

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Summary

Data communication

Protocols and standards

Topologies LAN/MAN/WAN

Computer networks

Internetworks (networks of networks)

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