MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

Program Semester Subject Code Subject Name Unit Number

: MCA :6 : MC0087 : TCP/IP :1

Unit Title

: Architecture of TCP/IP

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

Architecture of TCP/IP

Objectives Describe the purpose and history of the TCP/IP protocol suite. Describe the internet standards process Define common terms used in TCP/IP Describe the architecture of TCP/IP protocol suite.

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

Introduction

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a protocol that connects thousands of networks throughout the world. It connects several:

Universities

Government agencies

Libraries

Private companies

Individuals
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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

History of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Here are some of the major milestones of TCP/IP protocol.

Year 1970 1972 1973 1974 Development Network Control Protocol (NCP) used by ARPANET hosts Telnet protocol File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Application Communication Terminal Emulation for connecting different systems. File transfer between different systems. Enhanced Communication

1981
1982

Internet Protocol (IP) - IP version 4

TCP/IP protocol suite by Defense Communications Agency (DCA) and ARPA ARPANET moved from NCP to TCP/IP Domain Name System (DNS) Internet Service Providers (ISPs) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), also IP version 6 (IPv6) standards

Addressing and Routing services

Enhanced & Reliable communication Reliable communication Provides domain names (IP address) Provided Internet services HTTP used for World Wide Web

1983 1984 1995 1996

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

Internet Standards Process

Several organizations and agencies manage the standards of Internet and they come under Internet Society. A technical group called Internet Architecture Board is mainly responsible for:
Internetworking Technologies
Applications of the Internet Development and Availability of the Internet Development of the Standards and Protocols Publishes Requests for Comments (RFCs)
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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

Internet Standards Process (contd)

Internet Architecture Board governs the following bodies:

Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) This body is responsible for assignment of protocol identifiers used over Internet. Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) This body looks after the research projects of TCP/IP suit. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Handles technical related issues and develop standards called RFCs.

Requests for Comments (RFCs) are the documents in which standards for the protocol suit (TCP/IP) are published. The information it contains is the: Internal working details of Internet Database of historical developments Experiments and previous information, etc.

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

TCP/IP Terminology

Some of the generic terms related to TCP/IP are:

Node

Router

Host

UL Protocol

Segment

Node: Any device (a router or host) that implements IP. Router: A device (node) that transfers packets of data. On an IPv6 network, it has information related to host configuration. Host: Is a node that transfers IP packets. It acts as source and destination for IP traffic. It can discard the traffic. Upper Layer Protocol: A protocol used above Internet Protocol LAN Segment: Part of subnet with one medium and bounded by bridges.

Subnet

Network

Interface

Address

Packet

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

TCP/IP Terminology

Some of the generic terms related to TCP/IP are:

Node

Router

Host

UL Protocol

Segment

Subnet: Also called as link, it is bounded by routers and has same prefix of IP address. Network: Group of subnets connected to each other by a router. Interface: A physical or logical connection between node and subnet. Example: Adapter Address: It is an identifier, given to interface at the Internet layer, so as to transfer the IP packets. Packet: It is a data unit (PDU), which has header and payload. It is exists at the Internet layer.

Subnet

Network

Interface

Address

Packet

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite

DARPA model is four-layer conceptual model given by U.S. government agency. The layers of TCP/IP protocol maps to DARPA layers. The architecture of TCP/IP protocol suite mapping to DARPA model is shown below:

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite Layers

The Network Interface Layer The Network Interface Layer sends and receives the TCP/IP packets. This layer is also named as Network Access layer.
. . The Network Interface layer Unlike Data Link layer of OSI model, . Sequencing and acknowledgment

include the two

layers of OSI model namely, Data Link layer and Physical

the Internet layer

of DARPA does not support services like sequencing and

services are taken

care by Transport layer or the Application layer.

layers.

acknowledgment.

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite Layers

The Internet layer This layer resembles Network layer of OSI model. The functions of this layer include: Addressing Packaging Routing.

The protocols used in this layer are:

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP).

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite Layers

The Transport layer This layer is also named as Host-to-Host Transport layer. It offers session and datagram communication services to the Applications layer. The main protocols used in this layer are: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Connection-oriented One-to-one User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Connectionless One-to-one or many

Reliable

Unreliable.

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

The TCP/IP Protocol Suite Layers

The Application layer This layer allows applications to access the services of other layers. The main protocols used in this layer are:
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) It sends files that form pages on World Wide Web.

It sends standalone files for interactive user session.

It is used to send messages and attachments of mail.

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

Summary

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a protocol that connects thousands of networks A technical group called Internet Architecture Board is mainly responsible for developing Internet standards. Requests for Comments (RFCs) are the documents in which standards for the protocol suit (TCP/IP) are published. Some of the generic terms related to TCP/IP are: Node, Router, network, Subnet, Upper layer protocol, etc. DARPA model is four-layer conceptual model given by U.S. government agency. The Network Interface Layer sends and receives the TCP/IP packets. The Internet layer resembles Network layer of OSI model. Transport layer is also named as Host-to-Host Transport layer. The Application layer allows applications to access the services of other layers.
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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

Test Your Understanding

1. Name any three protocols used at Internet layer. A. The three protocols used at Internet layer are: Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 2. What kind of services does TCP provide during transmission. A. The services provided by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) are: Connection establishment Sequencing Sending Acknowledgement Recovering of packets.

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MC0087-TCP/IP Unit-1 Architecture of TCP/IP

Activity Draw the architecture of OSI and TCP/IP model and bring out the comparison between both.

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