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INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNET

Lecture 1 & 2

WHAT IS THE INTERNET?

oThe Internet, is a worldwide, publicly
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accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard internet protocol (IP)

WHAT IS THE INTERNET? CONT..

o Its a network of networks that consist of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business and government networks, which together carry various information & services, such as email, online chat, file transfer and other resources of the World Wide Web.

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WHAT IS INTERNET (CONT..)

A computer network includes physical
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infrastructure like wires, cables, fiber optic lines, undersea cables, and satellites. The other part of a network is the software to keep it running. Computer networks can connect to other computer networks to

NET ANATOMY
The Web physically consists of your personal computer, web browser software, a connection to an Internet service provider, computers called servers that host digital data, and routers and switches to direct the flow of information.

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SERVER

A special computer used to transfer services or resources to other computers over a network.

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Example: mail server, web server, ftp server.

HISTORY
ARPANET It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANet's design was that, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.

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HISTORY
NSFNET In 1985, the National Science Foundation (NSF), an American research organization, created NSFNET, a series of networks for research and education communication. Based on ARPANET protocols. NSFNET grew rapidly as people discovered its potential and as new software applications were created to make access easier. Many corporations began to build their own networks that they then linked to NSFNET. When commercial firms and other regional network providers took over the operation of the major Internet arteries, NSF withdrew from the backbone business.

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ARRIVAL OF INTERNET IN PAKISTAN

Commercial Email Service started in 1993 by IMRAN.NET In July 1995, the Internet (WWW) was introduced in Pakistan. Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) had also started issuing licenses to private ISP to join the market 1996. By mid of 2000 no of Pakistani users grow to 500,000 In year 2005 the total no of ISPs crossed to 2000 In June 2007, 12 Million Pakistani using the internet

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WWW(W3C)
The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. The World Wide Web was originally developed in 1990 at CERN, (European council for nuclear research). The original idea came from a young computer scientist, Tim Berners-Lee. It is now managed by The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The WWW Consortium is funded by a large number of corporate members, including AT&T, Adobe Systems, Inc., Microsoft Corporation and Sun Microsystems, Inc.

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WWW (W3C)CONT
o Its purpose is to promote the growth of the Web by Developing technical specifications and reference software that will be freely available to everyone. o An organized system of information distribution for public consumption.

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WHAT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE INTERNET AND THE WEB (WWW)
the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides connectivity between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected web documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs.

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WEB BROWSERS
user interface of the web Takes URLs as input Resource locator. Explorer, Firefox, Netscape, Safari user

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input Web browser

Request HTML Doc

Application1 Application 2 . . . . Application n

Server machine

User machine

URL (UNIVERSAL RESOURCE LOCATOR)

Addresses

used to locate the files.

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Every

URL is unique and identifies one specific file.

Example: http://www.lahoreschoolofeconomics.edu.pk

DNS (DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM)

A

world wide collection of databases used to domain names to IP numbers to locate websites

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Resolves

Example: http://www.pak.gov.pk http://192.168.1.1

DOMAIN NAMES

Domain name
Unique

for each extension

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.com .org .edu .net .gov

Requires

host server for use

MAJOR PROTOCOLS
Protocol (A set of communication rules) This is the standard protocol for allowing computers to identify one another over the Internet. IP (Internet Protocol) each computer has a unique IP Number TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) This is the standard protocol computers utilize to communicate with one another over a network.

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MAJOR PROTOCOLS CONT.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol )This is a protocol for sending data packets, but it is delivery is not reliable. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) This protocol automatically assigns temporary IP addresses to client stations logging into an IP network. DHCP software runs in servers and routers. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) This is a protocol for informing your browser how to display information found on a particular webpage, images ,multimedia elements (Audio , video) files. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) This is a protocol computers use to send files to one another. You may either upload or download files using FTP

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LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a highspeed communications system designed to link computers and other data processing devices together within a small geographic area, such as a workgroup, department, or building. LANs offer computer users many advantages, including shared access to devices and applications, file exchange between connected users.

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LAN

LAN TOPOLOGY
Each LAN has its own unique topology(The geometric arrangement of devices on the network), There are three basic topologies: bus, ring, and star. Most LANs are a combination of these arrangements. In a bus topology all of the devices are connected to a central cable or backbone.

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LAN TOPOLOGIES

In a ring topology the devices are connected in a closed loop so that each device is connected to two others, one on either side. This kind of topology is robust; that is, one device's failure will probably not cause total network failure.

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LAN TOPOLOGIES

In a star topology the devices are all connected to a central hub, which forwards data towards its final destination. If the data's destination is within the local star segment, the hub will forward data directly to the destination device; if the data's destination is outside the local star segment, the hub forwards the data to a router.

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WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs). Internet is the best example of WAN.

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WAN

CURRENT SITUATION IN PAKISTAN

Internet has become part of life for everyone Internet Cafs are VERY common where ever you go. The rates have dropped to 16 cents/ hour. The number of Internet user have increased by 1000% from 2000-2004!! The number of cities, towns and villages connected have reached to 2000! Pakistan Education Network ( http://www.pern.edu.pk) connects 56 universities of the country through Fiber Optics The number of private ISPs currently has touched 200 which provide various solutions; Wireless Broadband, Virtual ISP, Dial Access, Dedicated Access, Internet via Satellite, Hosting services, Cable Internet etc. most popular

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CURRENT TRENDS AND MOVEMENTS IN INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND CONTENT.

o o

o o

One upcoming change is the move to IPv6. Other technological changes are being worked on by Internet2 and Next-Generation Internet (NGI); consortia representing 200 universities, private businesses, and government agencies in the United States that are working on a new, robust, highbandwidth version of the Internet. A current trend in Internet content is Web 2.0 ,blogs, RSS, and wikis. Another potential change or trend in Internet content is the Web 3.0 or Semantic Web, to make Web searching more efficient by reducing the amount of human involvement in searching for and processing Web information. Another technological change can be seen in the way the Internet is being accessed. Mobile wireless broadband Internet access is the fastest-growing form of Internet access in 2008.

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FIRST WEEK ASSIGNMENT

1) LOCATE YOUR SCHOOL S HOME WEB PAGE, LIST EACH OF THE FOLLOWING ATTRIBUTES: FILE TYPE, DOMAIN NAME, FILE NAME, AND FILE EXTENSION 2) USING DIFFERENT DOMAIN NAMES IN http://cqcounter.com/whois http://www.hcidata.info SEARCH THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION FOR A WEBSITE: IP ADDRESS, SERVER LOCATION, WEB ADMINISTRATOR NAME (AT LEAST FOUR WEBSITES)

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