RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

SLIDES
OLFACTORY MUCOSA -cells TRACHEA- epithelium, cartilage, LUNGS- bronchi bronchiole alveolar duct alveolar sacs alveoli inter alveolar septum blood air barrier

OLFACTORY RTEGION

Olfactory region
Area olfactoria

Pseudostratified olfactory epithelium

lamina propriaolafactory nerve fasciles and sub epithelial olfactory Gland (bowman's) Thickness- 100 Micrometer

Olfactory region
Situationroof and adjoining septal wall of the nasal cavity Above the superior conchae Covers 2sq. Cm in each half of the nasal cavity

Colour yellow due to pigment

Area covered by mucosa 10 cm square

The posterior part of the lateral nasal wall Including the back of the superior conchea The spheno - ethmoidal recesses

Upper part of the perpendicular plate of ethemoid

The roof of the nose arching between the septum and the lateral wall

cells
Bipolar olfactory cells

Tall columnar cells Basal cells proper And globose cells Supporting cells

Rest on Basement membrane

Bipolar olfactory cells

Bipolar, Cell body in mid zone Apical dendrite-extend to the epithelial surface Basally directed axon which pass out of the Epithelium into olfactory nerve Synapse with the 2nd order neuron in the olfactory bulb

Apical dendrite
Single Unbranched 2 micrometer Extending into the epithelial surface From circumference of each ending radiate many Cillia

Cilia
1-2 micrometer long, 0.25 micrometer in diameter Proximal part -9+2 pattern of cilia (typical motile cilia) Distal part- only central pair are present Cilia lack dynein arms on peripheral microtubules

Cell body
SER and RER

Golgi complex
Lysosomes Nucleus is elliptical and hetero chromatic

Dendrite
Mito. Microtubules,

SER. Ribo.
Smooth and coated vesicles Centriole near the olfactory knob

Plasma membrane
High conc. Of intra membranous particles

These particles Is thought to be the site of olfactory reception And or ion channels related to sensory Transduction.

Other pole
Narrow non mylinated axons

Pass towards the base of the epithelium

Form intra epithelial fascicles Such fascicles join to form the larger olfactory Fasciculi

Other pole
Pass through the cribriform plate of the ethemoid to the olfactory bulb Synapse in glomeruli with the secondary neurons (basket, mitral, peri-glomerular cells) Axon 50 in number( group in bundles) 0.2 micrometer

Supporting cells
Irregular columnar, Large

Vertically elongated
Euchromatic nucleus Irregular microvilli in to the mucous layer

Supporting cells
Contents Mito, SER,RER, Base lypofuscin granules Lysosomes- phagocytic activity Responsible for pigmentation of olfactory.area Multivesicular bodies Golgi apparatus. Microfilaments

Tight junctions , desmosomes

Basal cells Proper

Flat Dark condensed nuclei Cytoplasm contains numerous filaments inserted into the desmosomes Contact with the supporting cells Lie in contact with the basal lamina

globose basal cells

Blastema cells Round or eliptical Pale staining Open face nucleus Pale cytoplasm Clusters of centrioles Free ribosomes Mitosis found within the zone Similar features of embryonic neuroblasts

Nasal mucosa

E= Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium M= Mucous glands V= Venules S= Serous glands

Olfactory epithelium

Knob

Olfactory mucosa

B= terminal bar (junctional complex) N= nerve fibres G= Bowmans glands

TRACHEA

Trachea
WHAT IT ISCartilaginous,Fibromuscular tube 10-12 cm. Cylindrical in t.s. oval in shape C6 TO T4 Mucosa,Lamina propria, cartilage, glands

LENGTHSHAPE EXTENTCONTENTS-

EPITHELIUM

Trachea ( pseudostratified ciliated columnar) Primary, secondary & Tertiary bronchus Bronchiole ( columnar ) Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct ( squamous ) Alveolar sac Alveolus

Structure of the respiratory system

Trachea

Trachea - Newborn

C= Hyaline cartilage T= Trachealis muscle

M= Mucosa L= Longitudinal muscle

Trachea - Adult

E= Respiratory epithelium LP= Lamina propria SM= Loose submucosa F= Dense fibroelastic tissue between the cartilage rings

Tracheal epithelium

Cell types found in the epithelium of trachea

Tall pseudostratified columnar cells with cilia Goblet cells Serous cells identical to the cells of the submucosal serous glands Kulchitsky cells which are part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system

Difference between bronchi and trachea

Respiratory epithelium is less tall & contains fewer goblet cells Lamina propria is more dense with a large quantity of elastin in its more superficial layers

Difference between bronchi and trachea

Lamina propria is separated from the submucosa by a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle which becomes progressively more prominent in smaller airways

Difference between bronchi and trachea

Submucosal

layer contains fewer seromucinous glands Cartilage framework is arranged into flattened, interconnected plates rather than discrete C-shaped rings as is in the trachea.

Primary bronchus

E= respiratory epithelium LP= lamina propria M= smooth muscle S= submucosa G= submucosal seromucinous glands

Bronchial epithelium at high power

Cytology specimen

Obtained by bronchial brushing during bronchoscopic examination for suspected bronchogenic carcinoma

Bronchial epithelium

C= ciliated cells G= goblet cells E= elastin M= mast cell

Primary bronchus epithelium

Ci= ciliated epithelial cells

G= goblet cells

Small bronchus

Tertiary (segmental) bronchus

M= smooth muscle G= seromucinous glands C= cartilage SM= submucosa L= lymphocyte aggregations(MALT)

Note thin lamina propria, complete circle of smooth muscle,broken cartilage pieces

Bronchiole

smooth muscle layer vein no cartilage support no submucosal gland no goblet cells replaced by clara cells

BRONCHIOLE

Diameter 5 mm or less Ciliated simple columnar or cuboidal Terminal bronchioles have clara cells Clara cells are devoid of cilia Secretory granules at apex Secretes gycosaminoglycans

Pulmonary artery and bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

Terminal portion of the respiratory tree

R= respiratory bronchiole AS= alveolar sac A= alveoli

AD= alveolar ducts V= pulmonary vessels

Schematic representation of a respiratory unit of the lung

Clara cells

Non-ciliated respiratory cells Found in distal part of respiratory bronchiole Functions They produce one of the components of surfactant They act as reserve cells, i.e. they are able to divide, differentiate and replace other damaged cell types They contain enzyme systems which can detoxify noxious substances.

Alveoli

P1= Type I pneumocytes (alveolar lining cells) P2= Type II pneumocytes C= Capillaries E= Endothelial cells M= Alveolar macrophages

Cells in alveolar lining

Type I pneumocytes
- Large, squamous cells - Cover most of the alveolar surface area - Constitute part of thin gaseous diffusion barrier

Type II pneumocytes (60% cells) - Rounded, occupy only 5% surface area - Secrete surfactant - Can divide

Alveolar wall

A= alveoli
C1 & C2= capillaries

E, E1, E2= endothelial cells

P1= pneumocyte type I

P2= pneumocyte type II

L= Lamellar bodies

Interior of alveolus

type I alveolar cells conforming to the contours of. Underlying capillaries.

Arrows point boundaries of adjacent cells

Interior of alveolus

Note type II alveolar cell with short microvilli at the periphery

Type II pneumocyte

Lamellar bodies

Type II pneumocyte

Mv= microvilli facing alveolus for Secreting surfactant E= capillary endothelium S= supporting tissue F= fibroblast NE= nucleus of flattened endothelial cell C= capillary lumen TJ= tight junction

Type II pneumocyte

Released lamellar bodies form complex myelin figures in alveolar lumen

Alveoli

Alveolar septum

Alveolar septum

Alveolar septum

P1= pneumocyte type I BM= basement membrane J= tight junctions F= fibroblast

En= capillary endothelial cells M= marginal fold E= elastin

Pulmonary elastic tissue

Ma= macrophage

Alveolar macrophage

M= macrophage in alveolar lumen L= lipid droplets P1 & P2= pneumocytes BM= basement membrane

Ly= secondary lysosomes C= septal capillary AP= alveolar pore

Alveolar macrophage from a nonsmoker

Alveolar macrophage from an 18 year old smoker

Respiratory unit special preparation

Note terminal bronchiole

Lung

Alveolar septum

P1= cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte BM= basement membrane E= capillary endothelium Er= capillary lumen

Pulmonary capillaries

Blue dye-perfused preparation

Visceral pleura

P= visceral pleura M= mesothelium F= fibrous supporting tissue S= fibrous septa L= lymph vessels

Visceral pleura

M= flattened cuboidal mesothelial cells

BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS

Is defined as an anatomical, physiological, clinical and surgical independent respiratory unit of lung aerated by a teritary bronchus

Wedge shaped The apex directed towards the hilum Base towards the periphery Supplied by its own segmental pulmonary artery but drained by an intersegmental pulmonary vein.

BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS

BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT

Bronchiole

Alveolar

RESPIRATORY UNIT

BRONCHOSCOPY

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