ANDI OGENG ALAMSYAH D62108270

PAVEMENT STRUCTURE

TYPES OF SUBGRADES
Material in place; soils in a cut section

b
c

Imported material; borrow material and regular excvation material Treated material; improves engineering properties of the soil, provides platform to compact subsequent layers

DEPTH OF SUBGRADES
Type of load applications The pavement type
Subgrade depth (m) 2 1,5 1,5 1,25 1 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,5 0,5 0,25

Application Airport Mine haul access Rail Major road Industrial building Minor roads Commercial and residential building Walkways/bike paths

Type of load

Pavement type

Dynamic/extra heavy Flexible Rigid Dynamic/very heavy Flexible Dynamic/very heavy Flexible/rigid Dynamic heavy Flexibe Rigid Dynamic/static/heavy Rigid Dynamic/medium Flexible Rigid Static/medium Static/light Rigid Rigid/flexible

CONTACT PRESSURE OF PAVEMENT TYPES

Flexible foundations, on sands and clays approximately similar

Rigid foundations
On sands, maximum pressure is at middle On clays, maximum pressure is at edge

CONTACT PRESSURE OF THICKNESS STRUCTURE

SUBGRADE STRENGTH

The subgrade strenght defined of soaked CBR

CBR or California Bearing Ratio is a simple strength test that compares the bearing capacity of subgrade material and as meaning of designing the road pavement required for a particular strength of subgrade.

The stronger the subgrade on the CBR, the less thick it is necessary to design and construct the road pavement.

SUBGRADE STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION

Soaked CBR Strength classification Comments

Geotextile reinforcement and separation layer with a <1% Extremely weak working platform typically required Geotextile reinforcement and/or separation layer 1% - 2% Very weak and/or a working platform typically required Geotextile separation layer and/or a working platform 2% - 3% Weak typically required 3% - 10% Medium 10% - 30% Strong Good subgrade to sub base quality material > 30 % Extremely strong Sub-base to base quality material

VOLUMETRICALLY ACTIVE CLAYS

Swelling due to wetting / shringkage due to drying

volumetrically active clays

Loss of strength due to swelling or shrinkage Swelling pressures where movement is prevented

SUBGRADE VOLUME CHANGE

A subgrade strength criteria based on CBR not be adequate for volume change criteria.
Materials with a very low volume change material potential tends to be high CBR material

The Weighted Plasticity Index (WPI) can be used for asesesment

Clayes material may still have swell after days. Any WPI > 3200 should use a 7 day soaked test

MINIMISING SUBGRADE VOLUME CHANGE

Providing a suitable non volumetrically active capping layer

Stabilizationing of the subgrade may be required, for the thickness indicated.

Giving the pavement thickness may be sufficient for nothing improved subgrade layer.

Placing the material as close as possible to its equilibrium moisture content and density

SUBGRADE MOISTURE CONTENT

Equilibrium Moisture Content WPI 1200-3200 WPI > 3200 (High Median annual WPI < 1200 (Low (Medium Correlation) Correlation) rainfall Correlation) Median value for 80% OMC 100% OMC 115% OMC all rainfall 500 50% - 90% OMC 70%-100% OMC 50%-80% OMC 500-1000 70%-120% OMC 1000-1500 70%-110% OMC 110%-130% OMC 110%-140% OMC 1500 130% - 160% OMC

SUBGRADE STRENGTH CORRECTION FACTOR

CBR value needs to be factored to be used appropriately in its climatic environment

Soil Type Climatic zone Soil with PI < II Soil with PI> II Rainfall 600mm 1 - 1,5 1,4 - 1,8 600mm < rainfall 1000 mm 0,6 - 1,1 1 - 1,4 Rainfall > 1000 mm 0,4 - 0,9 0,6 - 1

TYPICAL VALUES OD SUBGRADE CBR

Soil Type Competent broken rock, Gravel Size Competent broken rock, some fines formed during construction Gravel sizes, sands Weathered Rock likely to weather or degrade during construction Sands Sands Inorganic Silts Inorganic Silts Inorganic Clays Inorganic Clays Inorganic Silts Inorganic Clays Inorganic Silts Inorganic Clays USC Symbol GW, GP GM,GC SW, SP All SM, SC SM, SC ML ML CL CH MH CL MH CH Description Drainage eg Sandstones, granite, greywacke, All Well Graded, poorly graded eg, Phyllites, siltstones silty, All clayey, well graded, poorly graded eg Shales, mudstones Silty, clayey Silty, clayey Low plasticity Low plasticity Low plasticity High plasticity High plasticity Low plasticity High plasticity High plasticity All Good Poor Good Poor Good Good Good Poor Poor Poor CBR % (standard) 20 15

Treat as soil below 10 7 5

3 <3

PROPERTIES OF MECHANICALLY STABLE GRADINGS

Gradation is the key aspect to obtaining a mechanically stable pavement The first step in development of a suitable specifications

Appication Unstable in wet due to high volume change Light traffic Heavy traffic wearing course Heavy traffic base course

% passing 75 micron % passing 425 micron % > 2 mm gravel size "fine material" medium sand or less > 50 % 40% -20% 20% -10% 15%- 10% > 80% 70% - 40% 40% - 20% 20% - 10% 0% 0%-40% 40%-60% 60%-70%

SOIL STABILIZATION WITH ADDITIVES

Cement additve typicaly 5 to 10%. Best suited to clayey sands

Bitumen (asphalt) additives typically 1to 10%. Best suited to Clayey Gravels

Lime additives typically 1,5% to 8%. Best suited to silts and clays

TYPICAL PAVEMENT STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS

Conditions CBR strength Comments "Standard" requirements 80% soaked On Major roads at least 100 mm of pavement layer > 80% CBR Low Traffic roads 6o% unsoaked Top 100 mm of base layer 30% Subbase Rural traffic roads/arid to > 30% unsoaked Upper subbase semi-arid regions >15% Lower subbase

CBR VALUES OF PAVEMENT MODULUS

Pavements require compaction to achieve its required strength and deformation properties

Existing pavements woud have reduced values for asphalt and cemented materials to reduced cracking.

Degree of anisotropy is ratio of vertical to horizontal modulus

1 for asphalt and cemented material 2 for granular material

TYPICAL VALUES OF EXISTING PAVEMENT MODULUS (AUSTROADS, 2004)

Existing Pavement Layer Asphalt at temperature (C) 15 25 40 Cemented material Post fatigue phase

Cracked Modulus (Mpa) 1050 880 620 500

ELASTIC MODULUS OF ASPHALT

Asphalt is a visco elastic material but a normal operating temperatures, it may be trated as a elastic solid

Asphalt strength varies with temperature. These temperatures to depth of 50 mm to 75 mm for the asphalt layer.

Air voids, asphalt content, loading rate, age of asphalt affect the modulus young.

POISSON RATIO OF ROAD MATERIALS

Poisson ratio is the ratio of the relative transverse (horizontal) strain

normal to the axial (vertical) strain in the direction of the applied load.
Poisson Ratio Asphaltic 0,40 Granular 0,35 Cement Treated 0,30 Subgrade Soils 0,25-0,40 Weathered Rock Subgrade 0,3 Unweathered Bedrock Subgrade 0,15 Material