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What is accounting?
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Income statement
Balance sheet
Introduction
Accounting - a process of identifying, recording, summarizing, and reporting economic information to decision makers in the form of financial statements Financial accounting - focuses on the specific needs of decision makers external to the organization, such as stockholders, suppliers, banks, and government agencies
The accounting system is a series of steps performed to analyze, record, quantify, accumulate, summarize, classify, report, and interpret economic events and their effects on an organization and to prepare the financial statements.
Accounting systems are designed to meet the needs of the decisions makers who use the financial information. Every business has some sort of accounting system.
These accounting systems may be very complex or very simple, but the real value of any accounting system lies in the information that the system provides.
Accounting information is useful to anyone who makes decisions that have economic results.
Managers want to know if a new product will be profitable. Owners want to know which employees are productive. Investors want to know if a company is a good investment. Creditors want to know if they should extend credit, how much to extend, and for how long. Government regulators want to know if financial statements conform to requirements.
Event
Financial Statements
Users
The major distinction between financial and management accounting is the users of the information.
Financial accounting serves external users. Management accounting serves internal users, such as top executives, management, and administrators within organizations.
Annual report - a document prepared by management and distributed to current and potential investors to inform them about the companys past performance and future prospects.
The annual report is one of the most common sources of financial information used by investors and managers.
Balance Sheet
The balance sheet (also called statement of financial position or statement of financial condition) is a snapshot of the financial status of an organization at a point in time.
Balance Sheet
Assets are economic resources that are expected to benefit future activities of the organization.
Balance Sheet
The owners equity of a corporation is called shareholders equity.
Shareholders equity
Paid-in capital Retained earnings
Assets - resources of the firm that are expected to increase or cause future cash flows (everything the firm owns) Liabilities - obligations of the firm to outsiders or claims against its assets by outsiders (debts of the firm) Owners Equity - the residual interest in, or remaining claims against, the firms assets after deducting liabilities (rights of the owners)
Balance Sheet
Revenues - Expenses = Net income (or Net Earnings) Beginning of period total equity + Stock issued + Net income - Dividends = End of period total equity Cash inflow - Cash outflow = Net cash flow
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Internal Users
These are the persons who manage the
business, i.e. management at the top,
Internal Users
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The top level is more concerned with planning; the middle level is concerned equally with planning and control; and the lower level is concerned more with controlling operations. Information is supplied on different aspects, e.g. cash resources, sales estimates, results of operations, financial position, etc.
External Users
All persons other than internal users come in the group of external users. External users can be divided into two groups:
in a business organization.
External Users
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The main sources of information for external users are annual reports of business organizations, which state the financial position and performance and give the auditors report, directors report and other information.
External Users
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Investors and creditors are the external users having direct interest. Tax authorities, regulatory agencies, customers, labour unions, trade associations, stock exchanges, investors, etc are indirectly interested in the companys financial strength, its ability to meet short-term and long-term obligations, its future earning power, etc for making various decisions.
ASSETS
These are economic resources of an enterprise that can be usefully expressed in monetary terms. Assets are things of value used by the business in its operations.
Fixed Assets
Current Assets
ASSETS
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ASSETS
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LIABILITIES
These are obligations or debts that the
enterprise must pay in money or services at
LIABILITIES
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LIABILITIES
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CAPITAL
Investment by the owner for use in the firm
is known as capital. Owners equity is the
REVENUES
These are the amounts the business earns
by selling its products or providing services
EXPENSES
These are costs incurred by a business in the process of earning revenue. Generally, expenses are measured by the cost of assets consumed or services used during an accounting period. The usual titles of expenses are: depreciation, rent, wages, salaries, interest, costs of heat, light and water, telephone, etc.
PURCHASES
Purchases are total amount of goods procured by a business on credit and for cash, for use or sale. In a trading concern, purchases are made of merchandise for resale with or without processing. In a manufacturing concern, raw materials are purchased, processed further into finished goods and then sold. Purchases may be cash purchase or credit purchase.
SALES
Sales are total revenues from goods or
services sold or provided to customers.
STOCK
Stock (Inventory) is a measure of
STOCK: continue
In a trading concern, the stock on hand is
the amount of goods which have not been
stock.
STOCK
comprises closing date. raw
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materials,
semi-finished
Similarly, opening stock is the amount of stock at the beginning of the accounting year.
DEBTORS
Debtors are persons and/or other entities who
owe to an enterprise an amount for receiving goods and services on credit. The total amount standing against such persons and/or entities on the closing date, is shown in the Balance Sheet as Sundry Debtors on the asset side.
CREDITORS
Creditors are persons and/or other entities who have to be paid by an enterprise an amount for providing the enterprise goods and services on credit.
The total amount standing to the favour of such persons and/or entities on the closing date, is shown in the Balance Sheet as Sundry Creditors on the liability side.
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Accounting principles can be subdivided into two categories:
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Accounting principles can be subdivided into two categories:
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Accounting Concepts
Accounting Conventions
The term concept is used to connote accounting postulates, that is necessary assumptions and conditions upon which accounting is based. The term convention is used to signify customs and traditions as a guide to the presentation of accounting statements.
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Accounting Concepts
Business Entity Concept Money Measurement Concept
Cost Concept
Going Concern Concept Dual Aspect Concept Realization Concept Accounting Period Concept
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Accounting Conventions
Convention of Consistency Convention of Disclosure
Convention of Conservation
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Accounting Concepts
The term concept is used to connote accounting postulates, that is necessary assumptions and conditions upon which accounting is based.
Cost Concept
Transactions are entered in the books of accounts at the amount actually involved. Suppose a company purchases a car for Rs.1,50,000/- the real value of which is Rs.2,00,000/-, the purchase will be recorded as Rs.1,50,000/- and not any more. This is one of the most important concept and it prevents arbitrary values being put on transactions.
Realization Concept
Accounting is a historical record of
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
Accounting Conventions
The term convention is used to signify
Convention of Consistency
In order to enable the management to draw important conclusions regarding the working of the company over a few years, it is essential that accounting practices and methods remain unchanged from one accounting period to another. The comparison of one accounting period with that of another is possible only when the convention of consistency is followed.
Convention of Disclosure
This principle implies that accounts must be honestly prepared and all material information must be disclosed therein. The contents of Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account are prescribed by law. These are designed to make disclosure of all material facts compulsory.
Convention of Conservation
Financial statements are always drawn up on rather a conservative basis. That is, showing a position better than what it is, not permitted. It is also not proper to show a position worse than what it is. In other words, secret reserves are not permitted.
FUNCTIONS OF ACCOUNTING
Keeping systematic records
Protecting properties of the business
unwarranted use.
the
to
last
meet
function
the
of
accounting
legal
CLASSIFICATION OF ACCOUNTS
Accounts in the names of persons are known as Personal Accounts
Accounts in the names of assets are known as Real Accounts Accounts in respect of expenses and incomes are known as Nominal Accounts
CLASSIFICATION OF ACCOUNTS
ACCOUNTS
PERSONAL ACCOUNTS
IMPERSONAL ACCOUNTS
REAL ACCOUNTS
NOMINAL ACCOUNTS
PERSONAL ACCOUNTS
Accounts in the name of persons are known as personal accounts.
Eg: Babu A/C, Babu & Co. A/C, Outstanding Salaries A/C, etc.
REAL ACCOUNTS
These are accounts of assets or properties. Assets may be tangible or intangible. Real accounts are impersonal which are tangible or intangible in nature.
Eg:- Cash a/c, Building a/c, etc are Real Accounts related to things which we can feel, see and touch. Goodwill a/c, Patent a/c, etc Real Accounts which are of intangible in nature.
NOMINAL ACCOUNTS
These accounts are impersonal, but invisible and intangible. Nominal accounts are related to those things which we can feel, but can not see and touch. All expenses and losses and all incomes and gains fall in this category.
Eg:- Salaries A/C, Rent A/C, Wages A/C, Interest Received A/C, Commission Received A/C, Discount A/C, etc.
Nominal Accounts
Steps for finding the debit and credit aspects of a particular transaction
Find out the two accounts involved in the
transaction. Check whether it belongs to Personal, Real or Nominal account. Apply the debit and credit rules for the two accounts.
Exercise
Purchased a Building for Rs.20,000/-.
Paid Cash Rs.1,000/- to Satheesh.
Subsidiary Books
General Journal Special Journals Purchase Book Sales Book Purchase Return Book Sales Return Book Bills Receivable Book Bills Payable Book Cash Book Petty Cash Book
Journal
Journal is the prime or original book of entry which all transactions are recorded in the form entries. Journalising is an act of recording entering transactions in a Journal in the order date.
Date Particulars LF Debit Amount Credit Amount
in of or of
Journal Entry
Jan 1, 1981 Prakash Started a business Rs. 15,000/Date 1981 Jan 1 Particulars Cash a/c Dr. To Prakashs Capital a/c (Being cash invetsed to business) LF Debit Amount 15,000 15,000 Credit Amount