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Peripheral Neural tissue outside the CNS that links the nervous CNS with sense organs and other system (PNS) systems. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Components of the CNS and PNS that control visceral functions at the subconscious level.
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Exteroceptors (extero-, outside) provide information about the external environment in the form of touch, temperature, and pressure sensations and the more complex senses of sight, smell, hearing, and taste. Proprioceptors monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints. Interoceptors (intero-, inside) monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems and provide sensations of taste, deep pressure, and pain.
muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity or secretions. The ANS includes a sympathetic division and a parasympathetic division. These ANS divisions commonly have antagonistic effects. For example, activity of the sympathetic division accelerates the heart rate, whereas parasympathetic activity slows the heart rate.
Jaringan Saraf
Neuron:
Badan sel Akson hantaran keluar dari badan sel
Neuroglia :
Mikroglia fagosit
Cell Type
Functions
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Astrocytes Maintain blood-brain barrier; provide structural support; regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations; absorb and recycle neurotransmitters; assist in tissue repair after injury
Myelinate CNS axons; provide structural framework Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cavity); assist in production, circulation, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Satellite cells Schwann cells Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia Cover all axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of some peripheral axons; participate in repair process after injury
Otak manusia
98 % jaringan saraf tubuh
Beratnya 1.4 kg dan volumenya 1200 cc Laki 10 % lebih besar dari wanita Tidak ada korelasi antara ukuran otak dan
intelligensia Di dominasi cerebrum Paling banyak memakai energi Metabolisme tidak pernah berhenti
THE CEREBRUM
Region/Nucleus
Frontal lobe Primary motor cortex
Function
Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Parietal lobe
Conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, Primary sensory cortex pain, temperature, and taste Occipital lobe Visual cortex Temporal lobe Conscious perception of visual stimuli
Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli Integration and processing of sensory data; processing and initiation of motor activities
Association areas
Diencephalon.
Left and right thalamus. Each thalamus contains relay and processing centers
for sensory information. A narrow stalk, the infundibulum, connects the hypothalamus (hypo-, below), or floor of the diencephalon, to the pituitary gland, a component of the endocrine system. The hypothalamus contains centers involved with emotions, autonomic function, and hormone production Subtalamus belum diketahui jelas fungsinya epitalamus berkaitan dengan sistem limbik
SISTEM LIMBIK
Suatu struktur cincin kortikal dan subkortikal pembatas yang mengelilingi korpus kalosum
Struktur kortikal : girus singuli, hipokampus
Struktur subkortikal : amigdala, traktus dan bulbus olfaktorius, dan septum. Beberapa ahli menyertakan talamus dan hipotalamus Fungsi : pengalaman dan ekspresi alam perasaan : takut, marah, emosi, ingatan.
CEREBELLUM
Region/Nucleus Function Cerebellar cortex Involuntary coordination and control of ongoing movements of body parts
Cerebellar nuclei
White matter Arbor vitae Cerebellar peduncles Superior Middle Inferior Transverse fibers
Link the cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum Contain transverse fibers and carry communications between the cerebellum and pons
Link the cerebellum with the medulla oblongata and spinal cord
Interconnect pontine nuclei with the cerebellar hemispheres on the opposite side
2 fungsi cerebellum:
Menjaga postur tubuh
Meprogram dan mengontrol gerakan halus
Brain stem
brain stem
mesencephalon,
pons, medulla oblongata.
Mesencephalon.
Otak tengah
Refleks penglihatan dan koordinasi gerakan penglihatan
MESENCEPHALON
Pons
The term pons is Latin for "bridge";
Menghubungkan kedua hemisfer serebelum
serta menghubungkan mesensefalon di bagian atas dan medula oblongata di bagian bawah In addition to tracts and relay centers, the pons also contains nuclei involved with somatic and visceral motor control.
PONS
Medulla oblongata.
The spinal cord connects to the brain at the medulla
oblongata. The medulla oblongata relays sensory information to the thalamus and to centers in other portions of the brain stem. The medulla oblongata also contains major centers concerned with the regulation of autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Cribriform plate of ethmoid Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Superior orbital fissure
Trigeminal (V)
Semilunar
Ophthalmic Maxillary Mandibular
Mixed Sensory
Superior orbital fissure Sensory Mixed Motor Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Superior orbital fissure Internal acoustic canal to facial canal; exits at stylomastoid foramen Internal acoustic canal
Abducens (VI) Facial (VII) Vestibulocochlear (Acoustic) (VIII) Cochlear Vestibular Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X) Accessory (XI) Superior (jugular) and inferior (petrosal) Jugular and nodose Medullary Spinal Hypoglossal (XII) Geniculate
Jugular foramen Jugular foramen Jugular foramen Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal
Saraf Spinal
Sepasang saraf spinal keluar dari kanalis vertebralis melalui foramen intervertebralis
Tiap saraf spinal tersebar ke segmen tubuh
Lengkung Refleks
Unit fungsional sistem saraf
Terdiri dari satu neuron sensorik, satu neuron
motorik dan interneuron Memungkinkan respon tidak tergantung pada pusat yang lebih tinggi dan cukup untuk melaksanakan kegiatan sederhana. Misal : refleks menarik diri dari nyeri