MAE 4261: AIR-BREATHING ENGINES

Integral Forms of Mass and Momentum Equations

January 17, 2012

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department
Florida Institute of Technology

D. R. Kirk
CONSERVATION OF MASS
This is a single scalar equation
Velocity doted with normal unit vector results in a scalar
1
st
Term: Rate of change of mass inside CV
If steady d/dt( ) = 0
Velocity, density, etc. at any point in space do not change with time, but may vary from
point to point
2
nd
Term: Rate of convection of mass into and out of CV through bounding surface, S
3
rd
Term (=0): Production or source terms
( ) 0

= +
}}} }}
dS n U dV
dt
d
CV S

( ) 0

= +
}}} }}
dS n U U dV
dt
d
CV S
CS


Relative to CS
Inertial
MOMENTUM EQUATION: NEWTONS 2
nd
LAW
( )

}}} }}
= + F dS n U U dV U
dt
d
CV S

( )

}}} }}
= + F dS n U U U dV U
dt
d
CV S
CS

This is a vector equation in 3 directions
1
st
Term: Rate of change of momentum inside CV or Total (vector sum) of the momentum of all parts of the CV at any
one instant of time
If steady d/dt( ) = 0
Velocity, density, etc. at any point in space do not change with time, but may vary from point to point
2
nd
Term: Rate of convection of momentum into and out of CV through bounding surface, S or Net rate of flow of
momentum out of the control surface (outflow minus inflow)
3
rd
Term:


Notice that sign on pressure, pressure always acts inward
Shear stress tensor, t, drag
Body forces, gravity, are volumetric phenomena
External forces, for example reaction force on an engine test stand
Application of a set of forces to a control volume has two possible consequences
1. Changing the total momentum instantaneously contained within the control volume, and/or
2. Changing the net flow rate of momentum leaving the control volume
( )

}}} }} }}

+ + + =
ext
CV S S
F dV g dS dS n p F

t
Relative to CS
Inertial
HOW A ROCKET WORKS
Rocket Propulsion (class of jet propulsion) that
produces thrust by ejecting stored matter

Propellants are combined in a combustion chamber
where chemically react to form high T&P gases

Gases accelerated and ejected at high velocity
through nozzle, imparting momentum to engine

Thrust force of rocket motor is reaction experienced
by structure due to ejection of high velocity matter

Same phenomenon which pushes a garden hose
backward as water flows from nozzle, gun recoil
( )
e e
e a e e e
V m F
A P P V m F

~
+ =
F

Chemical
Energy

Thermal
Energy

Kinetic
Energy

HOW AN AIRCRAFT ENGINE WORKS
Flow through engine is conventionally called THRUST
Composed of net change in momentum of inlet and exit air
Fluid that passes around engine is conventionally called DRAG

Excellent website for how internal components work: http://www.geae.com/education/index.html
Chemical
Energy

Thermal
Energy

Kinetic
Energy

( )
( )
o e
e a e o o e e
V V m F
A P P V m V m F
~
+ =