METABOLISM

Look at the picture !

What are they doing?

What must they have to do that?

Energy
Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work Forms of Energy
Is the capacity to cause change Exists in various forms, of which some can perform work

The First Law of Thermodynamics

According to the first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Where can they get it?

 They get energy from food How can food be changed into energy?

Food changed into energy by one of the metabolism process.

CATABOLISM DIVIDE INTO ANABOLISM

METABOLISM
ENZYMES FACTORS

SUBSTRATE
ATP

METABOLISM
Metabolism is usually Metabolism is the divided into two set of chemical categories: reactions that occur in living organisms 1. Catabolism to maintain life. 2. Anabolism

Catabolism
- is the processes by which a living organism obtains its energy trough breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones. - release energy (exergonic reaction) - E.g : cell respiration

Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions in Metabolism

An exergonic reaction
Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

Reactants Amount of energy released (G <0)

Energy

Free energy

Products

Progress of the reaction

Figure 8.6

(a) Exergonic reaction: energy released

ENERGY

FOOD (BIG MOLECULES)

SMALL MOLECULES

Anabolism
the processes by which energy and raw materials are used to build macromolecules To build components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. needs energy (endergonic reactions). E.g: photosynthesis, protein synthesis

ENERGY

BIG MOLECULES

SMALL MOLECULES

 An endergonic reaction Is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

Products

Free energy

Energy Reactants

Amount of energy released (G>0)

Progress of the reaction

Figure 8.6 (b) Endergonic reaction: energy required

Factors affecting metabolism

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the substance released energy in metabolism process.

The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Is the cells energy shuttle Provides energy for cellular functions
Adenine
N O
O O OOO OH H OH OH O HC C C NH2 C

N CH

-O

CH2

N O H H

Phosphate groups
Figure 8.8

Ribose

 Energy is released from ATP When the terminal phosphate bond is broken

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

H2 O

Energy

Figure 8.9Inorganic phosphate Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

The Regeneration of ATP

Catabolic pathways
Drive the regeneration of ATP from ADP and phosphate
ATP synthesis from ADP + P i requires energy ATP hydrolysis to ADP + P i yields energy

ATP

Energy from catabolism (exergonic, energy yielding processes)

Energy for cellular work (endergonic, energyconsuming processes)

Figure 8.12

ADP + P

Factors affecting metabolism

Substrate

SUBSTANCES CHANGED IN METABOLISM PROCESS (Such as Glucose in Glycolisis)

Factors affecting metabolism

enzymes

The chemical reaction of metabolism need enzyme to accelerate a reaction.

What are enzymes ?

- Enzymes are proteins (tertiary and quaternary structures as catalyst to accelerate a reaction. - Enzymes are specific for what they will catalyst. - End in ase (ex:sucrase, lactase, maltase)

Enzym Characteristic
Act as catalyst to accelerate a reaction Not permanently changed in the process. Reusable Enzym are unaffected by the reaction that they speed up.

Enzymes
Without Enzyme With Enzyme

Free Energy
Reactants

Free energy of activation

Products

Progress of the reactions

27

Is an enzyme

maltase

Maltose

glucose

glucose

Substrate

Product

ENZYME

ENZYME-SUBSTRATE

ENZYME

Evaluation
Seluruh reaksi kimia di dalam tubuh organisme disebut . Proses pemecahan molekul besar menjadi molekul yang lebih kecil disebut. Jika ATP dipecah menjadi ADP dan P akan menghasilkan .. Yang mengkatalis reaksi disebut. Enzyme is a protein (True or false) The processes by which energy and raw materials are used to build macromolecules is .. Enzyme will change permanently after being used (True or False) Yang menurunkan energi aktivasi dalam suatu reaksi adalah ..

 Metabolisme Katabolisme Enzim True Anabolism False enzim