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Sc (GPB)
Potato introduction
Herbaceous perennial crop cultivated as annual Underground stem (Tuber) Economical part. Origin Peru (South America) >150 wild species of Potato are found. Chromosome number varies from 24-60 Ploidy level of cultivated species ranges from Diploid to Pentaploid
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum Species: S. tuberosum Binomial name: Solanum tuberosum L.
2n=2x=24
Diploid
2n=2x=36
Triploid Tetraploid
Pentaploid
Distribution
Altitude :- up to 15000 ft 38.8o N and 41.8o S. (wild potatoes ranged between 1 and 26 C, and annual precipitation ranged between 0 and 4359 mm.) There are two main peaks in global potato distribution by latitude.
45N and 57N - Temperate climates - summer crop. 23N and 34N - Subtropical lowlands - winter crop.
About 25% of the global potato area is in the highlands (above 1000 m).
Temperature during Planting High (planting: 25-30OC; and harvesting harvesting: 10-20OC) Crop duration Photoperiod during growth Mid day water stress 90-100 days 10.3 hours/day Prominent
25-30oC/4-15oC Common
Low yields, less dry matter and more reducing sugars
25oC/15oC Absent
High yield, high dry matter and low reducing sugars.
Result
In India, the cultivation is distributed over North Indian plains North Indian hills Sikkim and North Bengal hills South Indian Hills Plateau region
North Indian Plains: >80% of potato is cultivated in this zone. Three sub-zones.
North Western Plains: Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and parts of neighboring states. North central Plains: Western Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. North Eastern Plains: Plains of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam and Orissa.
Plateau region:
Central and peninsular India. Parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Orissa.
Agriculture 13.7 %
Production (000tonnes)
41482.79(11-12) 42478.65(12-13)
483.00(11-12) 504.10(12-13)
Productivity (tonnes/ha)-
21.75(11-12) 22.00(12-13)
10.64(11-12) 10.61(12-13)
Delhi 43.33(12-13)
People's Republic of China India Russia Ukraine United States Germany Bangladesh Poland France Belarus
World Total
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation
88.4 42.3 32.7 24.2 19.4 11.8 8.3 8.2 8.0 7.7
374.4
Energy Carbohydrates Starch Dietary fiber Fat Protein Water Thiamine (vit. B1)
Riboflavin (vit. B2) Niacin (vit. B3) Pantothenic acid (B5) Vitamin B6 Folate (vit. B9) Vitamin C Vitamin E Vitamin K Calcium Iron
Magnesium
Manganese Phosphorus
23 mg
0.153 mg 57 mg
Potassium
Sodium Zinc
421 mg
6 mg 0.29 mg
Potato botany
Potato is essentially a plant of temperate region with long day condition. In India 90% of the crop is cultivated during winter in plains under short day condition Short winter days suppress the vegetative growth and flowering.
Stem
The stem may be light to dark green, erect and hard, firm and spreading or weak and flexible. Thick size stem yield large size tubers , thin stemmed plants yield small size tubers. Stolon arises laterally as auxiliary buds on the underground portion of the stem The underground modified stem i.e., tuber is an enlargement of the terminal end of the stolon.
Stolon
Stolon arises laterally as auxillary buds on the underground portion of the stem and grows along the horizontal plane in the ground but sometimes emerge out of the ground. Stolon may eventually form tuber by enlargement of their terminal ends Not all stolons form tubers, a stolon not covered by soil may develop into vertical stem with normal foliage.
Tuber
Tubers are modified stem and serves as main storage organ. It has two ends
Heel Apical or rose or Distal
Eyes are spirally arranged to the tuber surface and concentrated towards the Apical end and located in the axil of scale like leaves called eyebrows Depending on varieties, it may be elevated, superficial, deep.
Leaves
The leaf is compound and pinnate with several pairs of leaflets arising in succession, along the rachis and an odd, large terminal leaflets.
Corolla
5 Petals Colour white, light blue, Blue, Red or Purple
Ovary
Androecium
5 Epipetalous stamens Colour of anther varies from light yellow to deep orange
Gynoecium
Superior ovary Bilocular and axile placentation
Flowering
Thermo- photoperiod does not play a role in flower induction, yet the bud development and blooming are dependent on long day length (>14 hrs) under cooler climate. Andigena group bloom profusely even under equinox conditions, the tuberosum group needs long photoperiod (>14 hrs. effective daylight). 50 lux artificial light at the plant level is used for inducing flowering.
BREEDING OBJECTIVES
Global objective: Produce and market new varieties better suited than the old ones under the conditions in which they are used. More specific but still general: Better yield Better quality use Better resistance against diseases and pests Less sensitive to the environment Good nutritional characteristics
Breeding system
The majority of the diploids potato species are outbreeders due to gametophytic self incompatibility system (S. allele). They show marked inbreeding depression. Tetraploid species are highly self fertile and the disomic polyploids (4X and 6X) are primarily self pollinating so the polyploid are less variable and tolerate inbreeding. The tuberosum group (S. tuberosum ssp tuberosum), the potato of commerce show some outbreeding nature due to protogyny (stigma protrusion)
Nucleus seed
Micro propagation
Production of virus free potato plant (Mericlones) by meristem tip culture In vitro multiplication of mericlones. Production of micro tubers (100-150 mg)
Aerophonics
TPS technology
Selection of parents
Parents are selected from the stocks of S.tuberosum ssp.tuberosum, S.tuberosum ssp andigena. Generally andigena lines are utilized as male parental lines, because tuberosum lines or cultivars produce low or no viable pollen. The selected parental materials are maintained and multiplied inside the aphid proof net house to avoid transmission of virus to the parental lines Seed tubers of the parental materials are kept in cold storage.
Land preparation
20 t/Ha farm yard manure is added to soil and then ploughing, planking and pulverizing clods to bring soil to bring soil to a fine tilth.
Trimming flowers
In female parents flower buds are trimmed to six flowers per bunch/stem to obtain higher fraction of bold seeds as the essential constituent of high quality TPS. Plants retaining 6-8 large size buds per bunch are essential for quality production. Very small buds, old flowers and berries If any, should be removed from the bunches prepared for pollination next day
Arrangement of light
Lighting arrangement to provide 4-5 hours extra lumination everyday after sunset with 30-40 lux intensity is to be made to induce flowering. One sodium vapour lamp of 150 W per 100 sq.m. is sufficient to induce flowering effectively. Flower buds start to appear 3540 days after planting.
Flower collection
Flowers from male parents, are collected just before the anther dehiscence in the evening preceding the day of pollination to obtain maximum pollen. Only just opened flowers with anthers that are about to shed pollen or the large size buds, which would open next day, should be collected.
Pollination method
Higher pollination efficiency is achieved by dipping receptive stigma into the pollen grains collected in shallow vials. Brush or a pair of forceps is also used to transfer pollen grains to the stigma of female flower. First pollination is to be performed between 8-10 AM and repollinate the flowers at the same time next day. After pollination Stigma turn brown and the flower slightly droop. The fruits i.e., berry is set within a week of pollination.
Post harvest ripening of berries Berries are kept in room temperature for 10-15 days which makes them soft for easier maceraton. Extraction of seed Reverse screw juice extractor is used for maceration of berries (100-150 kg a day). 3.13 mm pore size or 20 mesh sieve. 10 % hydrochloric acid (HCl ) at continuous stirring for 20 minutes. After through rinsing with water followed by 0.5% sodium hypochlorite treatment (10 minute) removes mucilage.
Seedling production.
Method 1 Seedlings are raised in primary nursery beds and subsequent transplanted in secondary (production) nursery beds for tuberization. In this method about 40 g TPS and 30 m2 nursery bed area required for producing enough seedling tubers for planting one hectare area in the next year. Method 2 In this method 2-3 seeds at 10 cm inter-row and 10 cm intra-row are sown. Depth of sowing is 0.5 cm . the seedling are not transferred to another seed bed.
Stage
Procedure
Multiplication ratio
-True to type plant selected 0 -Virus indexing for PVX, -Y, -S,-A, -M, PLRV and PSTVi by ELISA -Multiplied during low aphid population (Apr-Sept in hills and Oct-Jan in plains) at 1 X 1 m spacing -3 visual inspection -1-1.2 m spacing -3 visual inspection in 4-5 plants per row -Bulk produce of 2nd stage multiplied -Spacing 60 X 20 cm -Virus indexing in 300 plants /ha -Bulk produce of 3rd stage multiplied -100 plants tested for virus free/ha -Normal spacing in low aphid population -3 inspection. 15
Stage 2
Stage 3
6 6
Seed production in eastern plains, Deccan plateau and southern latitudes: Seed should be produced by the help of systemic insecticide as effective low aphid period is practically absent.
Seed production in Nilgiris: Low aphid population summer; higher in autumn and winter
Land preparation Potato field must be properly labeled with proper surface drainage. Six or seven ploughings and planking are required to make the soil loose, friable and porous. Land requirements The land should be free of
Wart and /or Cyst forming nematode Brown rot or non cyst forming nematode within the 3 years Common scab
The soil of selected field should be well drained, well aerated, deep and having a pH range of 5.2 to 6.4.
Stages of seed production:Foundation I: progeny of the breeder seed Foundation II: Progeny of the foundation I Certified I: progeny of the foundation II Certified II: Progeny of the certified I* (* this is done in case of those varieties which have a low rate of multiplication and the years of shortage of seeds)
Seed Medium-sized, 40-50 g in weight, 40-45 mm in diameter and disease-free tubers should be preferred. 15-20 q large whole tubers, 10-15 q medium-sized tubers, 8-10 q small size tubers and 6-8 q cut tubers.
Isolation requirement
A minimum isolation distance of 5 m for foundation and certified seed class should be provided all around a seed field to separate it from other varieties, and fields of the same variety not conforming to varietal purity and health requirements for certification.
Sowing
It is sown either on ridges or in flat beds. Sowing on ridges gives higher yield. In Maharastra, Karnataka and some parts of Uttar Pradesh flat bed sowing is also done. Spacing between each row is kept 15-22 cm while the spacing for ridges may vary from 45-60 to 75 cm row-to-row and 15-22 cm from plant-to-plant according to variety and time of sowing.
Interculture Keep the soil loose and destroy weeds. The first earthing-up should be done when plants are 15-25 cm high. The second earthing-up is often required later to cover up the tubers properly. Irrigation Potato should be irrigated mainly during 3 stages: a) 20-25 days after planting (stolon formation stage); b) 45-50 days after planting (stolon development and tuber formation stage); and c) 65 days after planting (tuber development stage). Post planting irrigation should be light and subsequent be given at 6-10 days intervals in sandy loam soil and at 10-12 days In heavy soils. Stop irrigation 7-10 days before haulm cutting.
Second rouging: Fully grown crop; 50-60 days after sowing. At this time tubers are formed so while rouging remove not only upper portion but also tubers. Virus affected plants and off types, if any, should be removed.
Third rouging: Done before cutting the foliage. At this stage all virus affected plants and off type plants, if any, along with their tubers have to be carefully removed, so that no such plants are left in the field.
Halum Cutting It is an important practice adopted as a precautionary measure to avoid chances of viral disease transmission through the vectors like aphids. It restricts the chance of tuber infection by spores. Irrigation is stopped 7-10 days before haulm cutting It is done during mid-January. Plants are cut on ground level. Gramaxone 2 liter/ha would prevent regrowth and has also been effective in controlling weed. Even two sprays at 4-7 days interval are taken to get complete killing of haulms.
Method of harvest It should be harvested by tracker drawn harvester as it reduces the mechanical injury and cuts in the tuber Curing
The harvested tuber should be cured for 7-10 days in shade for skin hardening to avoid mechanical injury during transport Cure potatoes at 13-16oC and a relative humidity of 9095 per cent for 8-15 days to heal wounds and bruises. It decreases the superficial moisture from tuber.
Storage
If the ambient temperatures are above 32oc, the seed potato should first be kept in pre cooling chambers, or in a cool place for preconditioning, and then stored in cold storage at temperatures from 2.2 to 3.3oc and 75 to 80% relative humidity. Seed potatoes should be stored at a temperature of 3-5oC with a relative humidity of 90-95 per cent for long-term storage.
Objective To improve the grower seed stock by selecting the best plant from the current crop. Tubers from selected plants are harvested and stored separately and used for cultivating in the next season
Procedure
The growers best potato crop is used to begin the seed improvement program. Selection at flowering time is best and easiest to recognize the desired variety Mark the healthiest and most vigorous plants in the field with stakes. Stake all plants needed at the same time, and only those of the same variety.
Before harvesting the field, hand-harvest the staked plants to keep selected tubers separate. Store tubers harvested from staked plants separate from the other potatoes to avoid mixtures and contamination The following season plant the selected tubers in a newly-established potato seed plot. Plant the seed plot on land not used for potatoes the previous season or longer, and at some distance from other potato fields. Repeat the above process year by year to obtain disease free tubers.
Brief cultural practices Time of sowing:- The sowing should be done from 20th September (when rainfall is low) or 25th September, up to 15th October. Seed rate:- Seed rate depends on tuber size. 25 to 30 qtls of seed potato per hectare is required. Source of seed:- obtain nucleus / foundation seed from source approved by a certification agency.
Preparation of field:- prepare the field to a good tilth by deep ploughing, 3-4 harrowing, followed by leveling Fertilization:- for medium type of soil- 100125kg N, 80-100 kg P and 80-100 kg K per hectare. FYM 25 t/ha. All P,K and N at basal dose and rest at 25-30 cm plant height. Method of sowing:- row to row 60 cm, plant to plant 15-20 cm.
Insect control
Insects
Insects
Control measure Apply 15 kg/ha Thimet 10 G at the time of first earthing up or spray rogor or metasystox at 625 ml per hectare. After 60 days of sowing, If requied,spray 300 ml of dimecron or 625 ml of metasystox / Ha Apply 6.25 litre Aldrin/ha in 2500 litre of water before sowing, or incorporate 50 kg 5% aldrin dust/ha, in the soil before sowing Spray thiodan or Folithion at the rate of 750 ml in 625 litres of water per hectare.
Aphids, Jassids
Bacterial disease
Disease
Bacterial Ring Rot Bacterial Soft Rot Blackleg Common scab
Causal agent
Clavibacter michiganensis Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica Streptomyces scabies
Fungal diseases
Disease Fungus involved Remedy for fungal disease
Late blight
Pink Rot Powdery scab
Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora erythroseptica Spongospora subterranea.
Black scurf
Silver scurf Verticillium wilt
Rhizoctonia solani
Helminthosporium solani Verticillium spp.
-Use certified disease-free seed. -Destroy volunteer potato plants in the fields. -Reduce periods of leaf wetness and high humidity within the crop canopy by appropriately timing irrigation. -Use appropriate fungicide for the control of fungal diseases.
Fusarium dry rot, seed Fusarium spp. piece decay, and wilt
Silver scurf
Powdery scab
Pink rot
Disease
Disease Soil borne disease Control measure Treat the potato seed with Agallol solution at 5 gm per litre of water.
Spray the crop with Dithane M-45 at 2.25 kg per hectare in 625 litres of water. Dip the seed potato in Agallol solution, or in benlate at the rate of 100 gm in 100 litres of water for 3 minutes.
Black scurf
Viral disease
Potato Leafroll Virus Potato Virus Y Potato virus X Potato virus A Potato virus S Potato spindle tuber viriod
Physiological disorders
Black heart Hollow heart Freezing injury
Black heart
Blackheart results from an insufficient oxygen supply to internal tuber tissue. The centre of the tuber turns blue-black Blackheart is prevented by proper ventilation, storing at recommended temperatures, and improvement of soil drainage.
Hollow heart
Hollow heart, a cavity near the centre of the tuber, results from rapid tuber growth. To reduce hollow heart
Plant susceptible varieties at closer spacing. Maintain uniform soil moisture throughout the entire growing season Plant to maximize stand of uniform plants and minimize misses Ensure adequate potassium fertility
Freezing injury
Potatoes exposed to a heavy field frost or to tubers that have been excessively chilled in storage. Frozen tissue, upon thawing, discolours and breaks down into a soft watery mass. losses can be reduced or prevented by
Storing at temperatures above 37F (3.0C) Proper ventilation and temperature control. Culling frozen potatoes prior to storage
Indigenous varieties
Agra Red, Chamba Red, Coonoor White, Coonoor Red, Darjeeling Red Round (DRR), Desi, Dhatauri, Gola type A, Gola type B, Gola type Ca, Phulva, Phulva Purple Splashed, Sathoo, Red Long Kidney, Shan and Silbilati
Exotic varieties
Ally, Arram Cousnal, Ben Cruacha, Craigs Defiance, Dunbar Cavalier, Greay Scot, Italian White Round, Late Carman, Magnum Bonum, Magestic, Northern Star, President, Raeburns Gregor Cups, Red Rock, Royal Kidney and Up-to-Date.
Crop Duration Variety Kufri Alanker Kufri Anand Kufri Asloka Kufri Badshah K. Bahar K. Chamatkar K. Chandramukhi K. Chipsona-1 K. Chipsona-2 K. Chipsona-3 K. Chipsona-4 K. Dewa x Early Medium Late NIH
25-30
25 40
35
35 30-35 30-40
K. Giriraj
25-30
K. Jawahar K. Jeevan K. Jyoti K. Khusigaro K. Kisan K. Kuber K. Kumar K. Kundan K. Lalima K. Lauvkar K. Megha K. Muthu K. Naveen K. Neela
K. Neelamani k. Navtal (G2524) K. Navjot K. Pukhraj K. Red K. Safed K. Sheetman K. Sherpa K. Sindhuri K. Sutlej K. Swarna x
25-30
Field standards
Isolation
Specific requirement
Seed standards
Note
1. The size of tuber will be decided either on the basis of mean of two widths of a tuber at the middle and that of length or on the basis of corresponding weight of tuber. 2. In a seed lot, tubers not conforming to specific size of seed shall not exceed more than 5.0% (by number) 3. (a) The seed material shall be reasonably clean healthy firm and shall conform to the characteristics of the variety the tubers not conforming to the varietal characteristics shall not exceed 0.050% and 0.10% (by number) for foundation and certified seed classes respectively. (b) Cut, bruised, unshapy, cracked tubers or those damaged by insects, slugs or worms shall not exceed more than 1.0% (by weight.) (c) Greenish pigmentation on tubers will not be a disqualification for certification.
Maximum tolerance limit of tubers showing visible symptoms caused by the diseases mentioned below will be as follows:
Specific requirement
*Maximum permitted at and after flowering. **Maximum permitted at final inspection, though the diseases mentioned above are not transmitted through TPS but it is essential to maintain a good crop hygiene.
All certified hybrid TPS lots produced by adopting emasculation or tubing or without emasculation with timely application of pollen from male parent to avoid selfing or through use of Chemical Hybridising Agents (CHAs) shall be subjected to grow-out test and shall conform to the following minimum genetic purity (Hybridity) requirements:
Class Certified Genetic purity (%) (Minimum) 90
During grow-out test, the offtype plants (other than selfed plants) such as segregants, outcrosses and plants of other varieties should not exceed more than 1.50% out of 10.0% plants earmarked for selfed plants. The minimum population size of 400 plants shall be maintained in two replicates of 200 each or four of 100 throughout the test and each plant shall be examined individually. The reject number shall be as follows:
Class Certified Minimum genetic purity (%) 90.0(90 in 100) Reject number 44
Seed standards
b. Specific requirements
Maximum permissible limits Maximum permitted (%)* *Off types 0.05 ** Plants showing symptoms of: - Mild mosaic (Maximum) 0.05 - Severe mosaic, leaf roll, yellows and apicalleaf curl (Maximum) - 0.05
Field standards for Foundation crop and Certified crop raised out of Potato-Tissue Culture Mini tuber (PTCMT) (shall be same as prescribed for conventional method) General Requirement 1. Isolation
Specific requirements
Recent advances
Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato (The Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium*) INDO-BLIGHTCAST : A web based Pan India model for forecasting potato late blight. - CPRI Decision Support System for Late Blight Management CPRI Development of multiple disease resistant potato hybrids (LBY-15 & LBY-17) at CPRI
Gene stacking for multiple disease resistance CPRI Development of heat tolerant genotypes - CPRI