Namas Chandra

Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 11-1
EGM 5653
CHAPTER 11
The Thick Walled Cylinder
EGM 5653
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-2
EGM 5653
Introduction
This chapter deals with the basic
relations for axisymmetric
deformation of a thick walled cylinder

In most applications cylinder wall
thickness is constant, and is subjected
to uniform internal pressure p
1
,
uniform external pressure p
2
, and a
temperature change T

Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-3
EGM 5653
Introduction contd.
Solutions are derived for open cylinders or for cylinders with
negligible end cap effects.
The solutions are axisymmetrical- function of only radial
coordinate r
Thick walled cylinders are used in industry as pressure vessels,
pipes, gun tubes etc..
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-4
EGM 5653
11.1 Basic Relations
Equations of equilibrium derived neglecting the body force
( )
rr
rr rr
d d
r or r
dr dr
uu uu
o
o o o o = =
Strain- Displacement Relations and Compatibility Condition
, ,
rr zz
u u w
r r z
uu
c c c
c c
= = =
c c
Three relations for extensional strain are
where u= u(r,z) and w= w(r,z) are
displacement components in the r and z
directions
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-5
EGM 5653
11.1 Basic Relations Contd.
At sections far from the end shear
stress components = 0 and we
assume

zz
= constant. Therefore, by
eliminating u = u(r)
( )
rr rr
d d r
r or
dr dr
uu uu
uu
c c
c c c = =
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-6
EGM 5653
11.1 Basic Relations Contd.
Stress Strain Temperature Relations
The Cylinder material is assumed to be Isotropic and linearly elastic
The Stress- Strain temperature relations are:
| |
| |
| |
1
( )
1
( )
1
( ) constant
rr rr ZZ
rr ZZ
zz zz rr
T
E
T
E
T
E
uu
uu uu
uu
c o v o o o
c o v o o o
c o v o o o
= + + A
= + + A
= + + A =
Where, E is Modulus of Elasticity
is Poissons ratio
is the Coefficient of linear thermal expansion
T is the change in the temp. from the uniform reference temp.
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-7
EGM 5653
11.2 Closed End Cylinders
Stress Components at sections far from the ends
.

The expressions for the stress components
rr
,

,
zz
for a cylinder
with closed ends and subjected to internal pressure p
1
, external
pressure p
2
, axial load P and temperature change T.
From the equation of equilibrium, the strain compatibility equation and
the stress- strain temperature relations we get the differential
expression,
0
1
rr
d E T
dr
uu
o
o o
v
A
| |
+ + =
|

\ .
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-8
EGM 5653
11.2 Closed End Cylinders
Stress Components at sections far from the ends contd.
Eliminating the stress component

and integrating, we get

2
2
1
2 2 2
1
(1 )
r
rr
a
C E a
Trdr C
r r r
o
o
v
| |
= A + +
|

\ .
}
Using this in the previous expression and evaluating

, we get

2
2
1
2 2 2
1
(1 ) 1
r
a
C E E T a
Trdr C
r r r
uu
o o
o
v v
| | A
= A + +
|

\ .
}
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-9
EGM 5653
11.2 Closed End Cylinders
Stress Components at sections far from the ends contd.
The effects of temperature are self- equilibrating. The expression for
zz
at section far away from the closed ends of the cylinder can be written
in the form

( )
2 2
1 2 closed end 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
b
zz
a
P
p a p b Trdr
E b a b a E b a
v o
c
t

= + + A

}
( )
2 2
1 2
closed end 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
( ) 1 (1 )( )
b
zz
a
p a p b P E T E
Trdr
b a b a b a
o o
o
t v v
A
= + + A

}
The expression for
zz
at section far away from the ends of the cylinder can
be written in the form
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-10
EGM 5653
Open Cylinder
No axial loads applied on its ends.
The equilibrium equation of an axial portion of the
cylinder is:
2 0
b
zz
a
r dz t o =
}
2 2
2 1
(open end)
2 2 2 2
2 ( ) 2
( ) ( )
b
zz
a
p b p a
Trdr
b a E b a
v o
c

= + A

}
The expression for
zz
and
zz
may be written
in the form
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-11
EGM 5653
11.3 Stress Components and Radial Displacement
for Constant Temperature
.

For a closed cylinder (with end caps) in the absence of temperature
change T = 0 the stress components are obtained as
2 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2
( )
( )
rr
p a p b a b
p p
b a r b a
o

=

2 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2
( )
( )
p a p b a b
p p
b a r b a
uu
o

= +

2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
constant
( )
zz
p a p b P
b a b a
o
t

= + =

Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-12
EGM 5653
11.3.2 Radial Displacement for an Closed Cylinder
The radial displacement u for a point in a thick wall closed cylinder may
be written as
2 2
2 2
(closed end) 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
(1 )
(1 2 )( ) ( )
( )
r a b P
u p a p b p p
E b a r
v
v v
t
( +
= +
(

11.3.3 Radial Displacement for an Open Cylinder
2 2
2 2
(open end) 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
(1 )
(1 )( ) ( )
( )
r a b
u p a p b p p
E b a r
v
v
(
+
= +
(

Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-13
EGM 5653
Example 11.2
Stresses and Deformations in Hollow cylinder
A thick walled closed-end cylinder is made of an aluminum alloy,
E = 72 GPa, = 0.33,Inner Dia. = 200mm, Outer Dia. = 800 mm,
Internal Pressure = 150 MPa.
Determine the Principal stresses, Maximum shear stress at the inner
radius (r= a = 100 mm), and the increase in the inside diameter caused
by the internal pressure
Solution:
2
p 0and r a = =
2 2
1 1
2 2
150
rr
a b
p p MPa
b a
o

= = =

2 2 2 2
1
2 2 2 2
100 400
150 170
400 100
a b
p MPa
b a
uu
o
+ +
= = =

2 2
1
2 2 2 2
100
150 10
400 100
zz
a
p MPa
b a
o = = =

The Principal stresses for the conditions that
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-14
EGM 5653
Example 11.2
Stresses and Deformations in Hollow cylinder contd.

max min
max
170 ( 150)
160
2 2
MPa
o o
t

= = =
2
0and r a p P = = =
The maximum shear stress is given by the equation
The increase in the inner diameter caused by the internal pressure is
equal to twice the radial displacement for the conditions
( )
2 2
1
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
(1 2 ) (1 )
( )
150(100)
1 0.66 100 (1 0.33)400
72, 000(400 100 )
0.3003
r a
p a
u a b
E b a
mm
v v
=
( = + +

( = + +

=
The increase in the internal pressure caused by the internal pressure
is 0.6006 mm
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-15
EGM 5653
11.4 Criteria of Failure
Recap
Maximum Principal stress criterion
Design of Brittle isotropic materials
If the principal stress of largest magnitude is the tensile stress
Maximum shear stress or the Octahedral shear- stress criterion
Design of Ductile isotropic materials
11.4.1 Failure of Brittle Materials
Maximum principal stress = Ultimate tensile Strength
u

Condition for Failure
At sections far removed from the ends
Maximum Principal stress = Circumferential stress
(r=a)

or axial stress
zz

Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-16
EGM 5653
11.4.2 Failure of Ductile Materials
.

General Yielding Failure
Yielding at sections other than the points of stress
concentration
Thick walled cylinders occasionally subjected to static
loads or peak loads
Member has yielded over a considerable region as with
fully plastic loads
Fatigue failure
Subjected to repeated pressurizations (loading and unloading)
Found predominantly around the region of stress
concentration
Maximum shear stress or maximum octahedral shear stress to
be determined at the regions of stress concentration
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-17
EGM 5653
11.4.3 Material Response Data for Design
General Yielding
Property : Yield stress
Criteria : Maximum shear stress or Octahedral shear stress
Fatigue Failure
Property : Fatigue strength
Criteria : Maximum shear stress and Octahedral shear stress in conjunction
Values obtained from tests of either a tension specimen or hollow thin
walled cylinder in torsion
The hollow thin walled cylinder specimen values led to more accurate
prediction of thick walled cylinders than the tension specimen
The critical state of stress is usually at the inner wall , for a pressure
loading it is only pure shear in addition to hydrostatic state of stress
Values from tensile test specimen and hollow thin-wall tube
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-18
EGM 5653
11.4.3 Material Response Data for Design contd.
Since for most materials the hydrostatic stress does not affect
yielding yielding is caused by the pure shear
Hence maximum shear- stress criterion and octahedral shear-stress
criterion predict with errors of <1% in comparison with 15.5 %
11.4.4 Ideal Residual Stress Distributions for
Composite Open Cylinders
Stress distributions in a closed cylinder at initiation of yielding (b=2a)
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-19
EGM 5653
11.4.4 Ideal Residual Stress Distributions for
Composite Open Cylinders contd.
Stress distributions in composite cylinder made of brittle material that fails
at inner radius of both cylinders simultaneously
(a) Residual stress distributions
(b) Total stress distributions
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-20
EGM 5653
11.4.4 Ideal Residual Stress Distributions for
Composite Open Cylinders contd.
Stress distributions in composite cylinder made of ductile material
that fails at inner radius of both cylinders simultaneously
(a) Residual stress distributions
(b) Total Stress distributions

Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-21
EGM 5653
Example 11.5
Yield of a Composite Thick Wall Cylinder
Problem: Consider a Composite cylinder,
Inner cylinder: Inner Radii a =10 mm and outer radii c
i
=25.072 mm
Outer cylinder: Inner Radii c
o
=25 mm and outer radii b= 50 mm
Ductile steel ( E=200 GPa and =0.29)
Determine minimum yield stress for a factor of safety SF=1.75
Solution:
It is necessary to consider the initiation of yielding for the
inside of both the cylinders.
zz
=0 for both the cylinders
At the inside of the inner cylinder, the radial and circumferential
stresses for a pressure (SF)p
1
are,

(1.75)(300) 525
(1.75)(325) 450.2 118.6
rr
MPa
MPa
uu
o
o
= =
= =
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 11-22
EGM 5653
Example 11.5
Yield of a Composite Thick Wall Cylinder contd.
2 2 2
1
(118.6 525) (525) (118.6) 593.3
2
Y MPa = + + + =
At the inside of the outer cylinder, the radial and circumferential
stresses for a pressure (SF)p1 are,
(1.75)(37.5) 189.1 245.7
(1.75)(62.5) 315.1 424.5
rr
MPa
MPa
uu
o
o
= =
= + =
2 2 2
1
(424.5 254.7) (254.7) (424.5)
2
594.3 593.3
Y
MPa MPa
= + + +
= >
In an ideal design, the required yield stress will be the same for the
inner and the outer cylinders.