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Topics to be covered
Fundaments of ultrasonic Basic equipments Types of ultrasonic waves Types of testing Calibration of UT equipments UT of welds Defect location Disadvantage of UT
It is a sound waves.
Ultrasonic is used to test welds, forgings, castings, sheet, tubing, plastics and ceramics. Ultrasonic has as advantage of detecting volumetric discontinuities Access to only one side of the specimen. Angular & planar discontinuities can be detected. Depth and width of discontinuity can be located.
Technician and supervisor be qualified in the ultrasonic method before the technique is used and test result evaluated. The AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING recommends the use of their document " RECOMMENDED PRACTICE NO. SNT -TC-1A". There are three levels of certification for NDT personal LEVEL I, II, III.
ULTRASONIC PRINCIPLES
In ultrasonic testing we use something called "ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS". The structure of a material is actually many particles or groups of atoms. Vibration propagate through particle displacement in the material. This ultrasonic vibrations are sound waves, they can travel in metal as well as in air and water. By Ultrasonic testing we can determine material soundness, thickness or some physical property.
Piezo-electric Effect
ULTRASONIC EQUIPMENT
The ultrasonic pulse echo instrument generates high voltage electrical pulses of short duration. These pulses are applied to the transducers which converts them into mechanical vibrations that are applied to the material being inspected. Sound waves are reflected from the front surface & back surface of material to the transducer. Some waves are reflected back from discontinuities. The sound reflected back to the transducer is converted back to electrical pulses, which are amplified and displayed on the CRT as vertical pulses.
Ultrasonic System
A- Scan display
A-Scan Presentation
Longitudinal waves
Transverse wave
Surface waves
Plate waves
TRANSDUCER OR PROBE:
The probe is made of plastic material, with a Piezoelectric crystal mounted on a plastic wedge. The ultrasonic waves are generated when high pulsed electrical energy is applied to the crystal. The crystal converts electrical energy into mechanical vibrations and vice versa.
TYPES OF TRANSDUCER OR PROBE Classification of probes are based on the nature of ultrasonic waves passing through the material. NORMAL PROBE , ANGLE PROBE & TWIN PROBE .
Normal probe generates longitudinal waves and they travel in a straight path. Angle probe generates transverse waves and it travels at the specified angle in the material.(Angle probes are available in 45, 60, 70) Twin probes contains two crystals mounted on different wedge. One crystal is meant for producing ultrasonic waves and other is meant for receiving the ultrasonic waves.
Contact testing
Immersion testing
SURFACE PREPARATION
The surface of a test specimen can greatly affect ultrasonic wave propagation. Rough surfaces can cause undesirable effects such as reduction in amplitudes of discontinuities due to distortion of wave directivity The surface should be probably smooth and it should be cleaned prior to testing.
Surface Preparation
CALIBRATION BLOCK
International institute of welding provides two types blocks for calibrating the flaw detector IIW V1& V2 block. This blocks are used for verification of known distances, angular relationship, beam exit point,
In contact beam testing the beam exit point of probe must be known to accurately determine the location of discontinuity.
The probe is moved back and forth until the amplitude of wave reaches maximum refer figure.
It is the capacity of equipment to identify reflected ultrasonic waves from close defects.
Horizontally it has 10major division and with 5minor division in each major division.
Vertically it has 5major divisions , it is % of amplitude. Now fix the value for this horizontal divisions. Minimum it should be two times the job thickness.
It is done with angle 45, 60, 70 probes. To scan the weld the probe is moved in forward and backward refer fig.
Skip distance
SKIP DISTANCE:
It is surface distance of the beam path.
Second leg beam path is know as full skip distance. First leg beam path surface distance is known as half skip distance.
Calculation
Half skip distance = T X tan Full skip distance = 2 X half skip distance Half beam bath = T / cos Full beam path = 2 X half beam path
Beam path
Defect location
To locate a defect you should know Surface distance of the defect from the probe index point Depth of defect.
SURFACE DISTANCE = Beam path X sin DEPTH = Beam path X cos = probe angle.
Defect location
S.S.NADAR