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( ) ( )
*
/
s s
T T T T T
(
( )
1/ 2
/ y u x q v
u u df dq
2 * *
2
Pr
0
2
+ =
d T dT
f
d d q q
and
Similarity Solution (cont.)
Subject to prescribed boundary conditions, numerical solutions to the momentum
and energy equations yield the following results for important local boundary layer
parameters:
( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
- with / 0.99 at 5.
5.0 5
Re
,
/
0 q
o
= =
= =
x
x
u vx
u u
2
2
0 0
- with /
s
y
u d f
u u vx
y d
q
t
q
= =
c
= =
c
2 2
0
and / 0.332, d f d
q
q
=
=
, 1/ 2
,
2
0.664Re
/ 2
x
s x
f x
C
u
t
=
( ) ( )
1/ 2
* *
0 0
- with / / / /
x s s
y
h q T T k T y k u vx dT d
q
q
= =
'' = = c c =
* 1/ 3
0
and / 0.332 Pr for Pr 0.6, dT d
q
q
=
= >
1/ 2 1/ 3
0.332 Re Pr
x
x x
h x
Nu
k
= =
1/ 3
r
and
P
t
o
o
=
Similarity Solution (cont.)
How would you characterize relative laminar velocity and thermal boundary layer
growth for a gas? An oil? A liquid metal?
How do the local shear stress and convection coefficient vary with distance from
the leading edge?
Average Boundary Layer Parameters:
, 0
1
x
s x s
dx
x
t t
}
1/ 2
,
1.328 Re
x
f
x
C
=
0
1
x
x x
h
x
h dx =
}
1/ 2 1/ 3
0.664 Re Pr
x
x
Nu =
The effect of variable properties may be considered by evaluating all properties
at the film temperature.
2
s
f
T T
T
+
=
Turbulent Flow
Turbulent Flow
Local Parameters:
1/ 5
,
4/ 5 1/ 3
0.0592 Re
0.0296 Re Pr
f x x
x x
C
Nu
=
=
Empirical
Correlations
How do variations of the local shear stress and convection coefficient with
distance from the leading edge for turbulent flow differ from those for laminar flow?
Average Parameters:
( )
1 0
1
c
c
x L
L am turb x
h h dx h dx
L
= +
} }
Substituting expressions for the local coefficients and assuming
5
x,c
Re 5 10 , =
,
1/ 5
0.074 1742
Re Re
f L
L L
C =
( )
4/ 5 1/ 3
0.037 Re 871 Pr
L
L
Nu =
( )
, ,
1/ 5
,
4 / 5 1/ 3
For Re 0 or Re Re ,
0.074 Re
0.037 Re Pr
x c c L x c
f L L
L
L
L x
C
Nu
=
=
=
Special Cases
Special Cases: Unheated Starting Length (USL)
and/or Uniform Heat Flux
For both uniform surface temperature (UST) and uniform surface heat flux (USF),
the effect of the USL on the local Nusselt number may be represented as follows:
( )
0
1/ 3
0
1 /
Re Pr
x
x
b
a
m
x x
Nu
Nu
x
Nu C
=
=
=
(
=
Laminar Turbulent
UST USF UST USF
a 3/4 3/4 9/10 9/10
b 1/3 1/3 1/9 1/9
C 0.332 0.453 0.0296 0.0308
m 1/2 1/2 4/5 4/5
Sketch the variation of h
x
versus for two conditions:
What effect does an USL have on the local convection coefficient?
( )
x 0 and 0. > =
Special Cases (cont.)
UST:
( )
s x s
q h T T
'' =
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 2 / 2 1
2 1 / 2 2
0
lamina
1 /
1 for throughout
= 4 for th
r flow
turbulent f roughout low
p p
p p
L L
L
Nu Nu L
L
p
p
+
+ +
=
(
=
=
1
laminar/turbulent flow numerical integration for
1
c
c
L
x L
L am turb x
h
h h dx h dx
L
(
= +
} }
USF:
s
s
x
q
T T
h
''
= +
s s
q q A '' =
Treatment of Non-Constant Property Effects:
Evaluate properties at the film temperature.
2
s
f
T T
T
+
=
( )
=
L
s s
q h A T T
Problem: Orientation of Heated Surface
Problem 7.21: Preferred orientation (corresponding to lower heat loss) and the
corresponding heat rate for a surface with adjoining smooth and
roughened sections.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Surface B is sufficiently rough to trip the boundary layer when in the upstream position
(Configuration 2); (2)
5
x,c
Re 5 10 for flow over A in Configuration 1. =
Orientation of Heated Surface (cont.)
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (T
f
= 333K, 1 atm): v = 19.2 10
-6
m
2
/s, k = 28.7 10
-3
W/mK, Pr = 0.7.
ANALYSIS: With
6
L
-6 2
u L 20 m/s 1m
Re 1.04 10 .
19.2 10 m / s
v
= = =
transition will occur just before the rough surface (x
c
= 0.48m) for Configuration 1. Hence,
( )
L,1
4/ 5
6 1/3
Nu 0.037 1.04 10 871 0.7 1366
(
= =
(
For Configuration 1:
L,1
L,1
h L
Nu 1366.
k
= =
Hence
( )
3 2
L,1
h 1366 28.7 10 W/m K /1m 39.2 W/m K
= =
( ) ( )( )
2
1 L,1 s
q h A T T 39.2 W/m K 0.5m 1m 100 20 K
= = 1568 W = <
Comment: For a very short plate, a lower heat loss may be associated with Configuration 2. In
fact, parametric calculations reveal that for L< 30 mm, this configuration provides the preferred
orientation.
( )
( )
L,2 L,1
4/ 5
1/ 3
6
Since Nu 0.037 1.04 10 0.7 2139 Nu , it follows that the lowest heat
transfer is associated with Configuration 1.
= = >
Problem: Conveyor Belt
Problem 7.25: Convection cooling of steel plates on a conveyor by
air in parallel flow.
KNOWN: Plate dimensions and initial temperature. Velocity and temperature of air in parallel flow
over plates.
FIND: Initial rate of heat transfer from plate. Rate of change of plate temperature.
Problem: Conveyor Belt (cont.)
PROPERTIES: Table A-1, AISI 1010 steel (573K): k
p
= 49.2 W/mK, c = 549 J/kgK, = 7832
kg/m
3
. Table A-4, Air (p = 1 atm, T
f
= 433K): v = 30.4 10
-6
m
2
/s, k = 0.0361 W/mK, Pr = 0.688.
ANALYSIS: The initial rate of heat transfer from a plate is
( ) ( )
2
s i i
q 2h A T T 2h L T T
= =
With
6 2 5
L
Re u L/ 10m/ s 1m/ 30.4 10 m / s 3.29 10 , v