Basics of Signal Processing

SIGNAL SOURCE
RECEIVER
describe waves in terms of their significant features
understand the way the waves originate
effect of the waves
will the people in the boat notice ?
ACTION
frequency = 1/T
= speed of sound T, where T is a period
sine wave
period (frequency)
amplitude
phase

f (t) = Asin(2tt /T +|)

f (t) = Asin(et +|)

Asin(et + t /2)
= Acos(et)
sine cosine
Phase u
Sinusoidal grating of image
Fourier idea
describe the
signal by a sum
of other well
defined signals
T
O
Fourier Series
A periodic function as an infinite weighted
sum of simpler periodic functions!

f (t) = w
i
i=0

f
i
(t)
A good simple function
T
i
=T
0
/ i

f
i
(t ) = sin(ie
0
t +|),
where e
0
= 2t / T
0

f (t) = k
i
sin(ie
0
i=1

+
n
)
= [b
i
i=1

sin(ie
0
) + a
i
cos(ie
0
)]
= Re

c
i
e
je
0
n
i=0

,

c complex
e.t.c. ad infinitum

f (t) = k
i
sin(ie
0
i=1

+
n
) = [b
i
i=1

sin(ie
0
) + a
i
cos(ie
0
)]
T=1/f
e.t.c
T=1/f
e.t.c
Fouriers Idea
Describe complicated function as a weighted sum of simpler functions!
-simpler functions are known
-weights can be found

Simpler functions - sines and cosines are orthogonal on period T, i.e.
f(mt) f(nt)
0
T
}
dt = 0 for m= n
period T period T
0
+
-
0
+
-
0
+
-
x
0
+ +
- -
x
0
+ +
=
0
+ +
- -
=
area is positive (T/2) area is zero
=

f(t) = DC + a
i
cos(
2tit
T
) +b
1
sin(
2tit
T
)



(

(
=
i=1

DC +a
1
cos(
2tt
T
) +b
1
sin(
2tt
T
) +a
2
cos(
4tt
T
) +b
2
sin(
4tt
T
) +a
3
cos(
6tt
T
) +b
3
sin(
6tt
T
) +.........

f(t)sin(
2tt
T
)dt
0
T
}
= {DC
0
T
}
sin(
2tt
T
) +a
1
cos(
2tt
T
)sin(
2tt
T
) +b
1
sin(
2tt
T
)sin(
2tt
T
) +a
2
cos(
4tt
T
)sin(
2tt
T
) +b
2
sin(
4tt
T
)sin(
2tt
T
) +.........} dt
0 0 b
1
T/2 0 0
area=b
1
T/2
area=b
2
T/2

f(t) =DC+f
1
(t) +f
2
(t) =DC+b
1
- sinet +b
2
- sin2et

sin
2
0
T
}
(
t
T
) dt =
T
2
T=2t
+
-
+ +
+ + + +
+
+
+
+
+ +
- -
- - - -
f(t)
f(t) sin(2t)
f(t) sin(4t)
area = DC area = b
1
T/2 area = b
2
T/2
Aperiodic signal

T
0
frequency spacing f
0
0
Discrete spectrum becomes continuous (Fourier integral)
0 1/T
0
2/T
0

frequency
0 1/T
0
2/T
0

frequency
Phase spectrum Magnitude spectrum
Spacing of spectral components is f
0
=1/T
0

sampling
22 samples per 4.2 ms 0.19 ms per sample 5.26 kHz
t
s
=1/f
s

Sampling
> 2 samples per period,
f
s
> 2 f

T = 10 ms (f = 1/T=100 Hz)
Sinusoid is characterized by three parameters
1. Amplitude
2. Frequency
3. Phase
We need at least three samples per the period
T = 10 ms (f = 1/T=100 Hz)
t
s
= 7.5 ms (f
s
=133 Hz < 2f )
Undersampling
T = 40 ms
(f= 25 Hz)
Sampling of more complex signals
period period
highest frequency
component
Sampling must be at the frequency which is higher than the
twice the highest frequency component in the signal !!!
f
s
> 2 f
max

Sampling
1. Make sure you know what is the highest
frequency in the signal spectrum f
MAX

2. Chose sampling frequency f
s
> 2 f
MAX


NO NEED TO SAMPLE ANY FASTER !
Periodicity in one domain implies discrete representation in the dual domain
0 1/T 2/T
frequency
Magnitude spectrum T
frequency
F

=1/t
s

f
s
= 1/T
time
t
s

T
Sampling in time implies periodicity in frequency !

=
=
1
0
2
1
) ( ) (
N
n
N
kn
j
N
e k X n x
t

=
1
0
2
1
) ( ) (
N
n
N
kn
j
N
e n x k X
t
Discrete and periodic in both domains (time and frequency)
DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM
Recovery of analog signal
Digital-to-analog converter (sample-and-hold)
Low-pass filtering
0.000000000000000
0.309016742003550
0.587784822932543
0.809016526452407
0.951056188292881
1.000000000000000
0.951057008296553
0.809018086192214
0.587786969730540
0.309019265716544
0.000000000000000
-0.309014218288380
-0.587782676130406
-0.809014966706903
-0.951055368282511
-1.000000000000000
-0.951057828293529
-0.809019645926324
-0.587789116524398
-0.309021789427363
-0.000000000000000

Quantization
11 levels
21 levels
111 levels
a part of vowel /a/
16 levels (4 bits) 32 levels (5 bits) 4096 levels (12 bits)
Quantization
Quantization error = difference between the
real value of the analog signal at sampling
instants and the value we preserve
Less error less quantization distortion