Power and Units

Electrical power can be related by: P = V X I (J/s or watt) P = I2 X R (J/s or watt) P = V2 / R

Calculation of Power

Voltage Drop and Voltage Divider Rule

Only applicable in series circuits as current flowing through the circuits is the same.

Current Drop and Current Divider Rule

Only applicable in parallel circuit as voltage on each circuits is the same.

CHAPTER 2 Principles of Electromagnetism

What is Magnetism

A form of energy generated by the motion of electrons in some material Like electricity, it cant be seen. But the result of magnetism proves it existence. Magnetism relates mechanical energy with electricity. Electromotive Potential (Dynamo)
Mechanical Energy to electricity

Motor
Electricity to Mechanical Energy

Terminologies

Types of magnets
Natural magnets Man-made magnets Electromagnets

Reluctance
Describe the resistance to the movement of magnetic lines of force

Permeability
List the relative reluctance of material.

Line of Force
Field of force around magnets caused by alignments of atoms in magnetic material. These lines concentrates at both end of a magnet with direction exiting from one pole and return to another. Combination of these lines forms a parallel loop around magnets known as magnetic flux. Flux density indicates magnetic strength of material. Magnetic force does not flow along current flow.

Magnetized Magnets
Soft irons can be magnetized by rubbing magnets in one direction lining up the atoms to form magnetic field. Such magnetism does not last. Alignments atoms to produce magnetic field can be disturbed by heating or dropping. Soft iron is used because of ability to be easily magnetized and demagnetized

Electromagnetism
Discovered in 1820, that current carrying conductors are surrounded by magnetic field. Magnetics fields that could be a lot stronger than conventional magnets. Flux density increases with increased current flow. This area of study is known as electromagnetism.

Straight Conductor
Magnetic field surrounding a straight, current carrying conductor consists several concentric cylinder of flux along the length of the wire. Current flow determines flux density and its magnetic field strength. Flux cylinder has direction and can be determined using

Right hand rule for current flow (+ to -) Left hand rule for electron flow (- to +)

Direction Rules

Electron Flow

Field Interaction

Flow with Opposite Direction

Flow with Same Direction

Field Interaction
Opposing flux line between conductor with current flowing in opposite direction create a strong magnetic field. Conductor tend to move out of strong field into weak field moving away from each other.

Field Interaction
Uni-direction flux line between condution with current flowing the same direction, flux line between two conductors cancel out each other leaving a weak field. Conductors are drawn into this weak field and move closer

Electromagnetic Strength

Strengthen by
Loop conductor

Coil Conductor

Magnetic Flux Density

Flux is line of force induced by magnets. Magnetic flux density is the amount of flux passing through a defined area perpendicular to the direction of flux. Magnetic flux density can be represented by Tesla.

Example

Example

Example

Example

Magnetomotive Force

Magnetomotive force (mmf) is the cause of the existence magnetic flux of a magnetic circuits.

Where N is the numbers of conductor turns and I is the current flowing through the conductor

Magnetic Field Strength

Magnetic Field Strength is the magnetomotive force relative to the mean length of the flux path in meters.

Example

Example

Find m.m.f?

Application of Electromagnetism

Primary application of electromagnetism as mentioned earlier

Dynamo or Motor Electrical Potential Energy

Mechanical

Another electromagnetism application is solenoid which is widely used in electrical equipment

Electric Bells, Lifting Magnets, Loudspeaker

Application

Electrical Bell

Application

Relays

Application

Telephone Receiver

Application

Loudspeaker

Flemings Left hand Rule (Motor Rule)

Determines vector of each variables involved in a motor.

Factors Affecting Electromagnetic Strength

Current, I Flux Density, B Conductor Length, l

Equation Relating Electromagnetic Force and Electricity

Force, F = Flux Density, B X Current, A X Length, l.

Flux Density, B

Example

Example

Electromagnetic Induction
When a conductor cuts across a magnetic line of force, an electromotive force (e.m.f) is produced. When the conductor forms a closed circuit, e.m.f produced causes electric current flow around circuit. This is known as electromagnetic induction.

Faradays Law
An induced e.m.f. is set up whenever the magnetic field linking that circuit changes. The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in any circuit is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux linking the circuit.

Lenzs Law
The direction of an induced e.m.f. is always such that it tends to set up a current opposing the motion or the change of flux responsible for inducing that e.m.f. Or alternatively, determining relative directions is given by Flemings Right-hand rule (often called the generator rule)

Flemings Right Hand Rule (Generator Rule)

Identifies the vector for each involved variables for a generator.

Relationship between Electromotive Force

Electromotive Force (e.m.f) is generated by the changes of flux when conductor moves across a magnetic field. Potential of e.m.f generated is proportional to flux density, the length of conductor and speed of conductor moving across a magnetic field,

Example

Example

Example

Example

Inductance
A property of a circuit where by e.m.f can be induced into a circuit by flux changes producing current in the circuit. Types of Inductance are:

Self-Inductance Mutual-Inductance

Unit for inductance property is known as Henry, H.

Types of Inductors

Iron Cored Inductor

Self Inductance
Self-Inductance is the e.m.f induced in the circuit by current is changes in a conductor. Conductor carrying current forms magnetic field around the coil. The magnetic field forms concentric loops that surround the wire and join to form larger loops that surround the coil. Conductor cutting through the magnetic field at the same time inducing e.m.f to the circuit when current changes.

Self Inductance

Modifying Faradays Law

Gives the relationship of e.m.f for a coil of wire relative to numbers of turns and rate of change of magnetic flux in webers/seconds:-

Example

Example

Take Note!

Changes of flux is important!

Solution!

Its Easier

To measure current changes if compared to measuring magnetic flux density changes. Where changes of current is proportional to magnetic flux changes. Hence modifying modified Faradays Law gives:-

Where, L is the value of inductance of the coil in henries.

Example

Example

Example

Example

What is Inductance of a coil?

If a current changing from 0 to I amperes, produces from 0 to Webers, then dI = I and d= . The relationship between inductance with flux & current changes is given as:-

Factors Influencing Inductance

Numbers of turns of wire the more turns the higher the inductance. The cross-sectional area of the coil of wire the greater the cross-sectional area the higher the inductance Presence of magnetic core - when the coil is wound on an iron core the same current sets up a more concentrated magnetic field and the inductance is increased The way the turns are arranged a short thick coil of wire has a higher inductance than a long thin one.

Example

Example

Energy Stored by Inductor

Inductor possesses an ability to store energy. The energy sotred, W, in the magnetic field of an inductor is given by:

Example

Example

Example

Example

Mutual Inductance
The magnetic flux through a circuit relating to the current in that circuit and the currents in other nearby circuits. Mutually induced e.m.f in the second coil. The relationship of the current flow in first circuit and the induced e.m.f in Where M by is the:mutual inductance second circuit is related between the two circuits (Henries)

Mutual Inductance in Two Circuits

Mutual Inductance
The magnetic field produced by circuit 1 will intersect the wire in circuit 2 and create current flow. The induced current flow in circuit 2 will have its own magnetic field which will interact with the magnetic field of circuit 1. At some point P, the magnetic field will consist of summation of current flow in circuit 1 and current flow in circuit 2.

Example

Example

Example

Example

Example

Example