Mobile communications

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Mobile Communication
Introduction

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What is Wireless/mobile Communication

Transmitting voice and data using electromagnetic waves in open space is wireless communication. If the communicating nodes are mobile, wireless communication becomes mobile communication.
Electromagnetic waves Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s) Has a frequency (f) and wavelength = c/f Microwaves are non-ionising in nature

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Table General Electromagnetic spectrum Usage

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Spectrum Allocation Contd.

Spectrum is Allocated either in licensed bands or in unlicensed bands. Licensed bands: Regulatory bodies assign to specific operators. Unlicensed bands(ISM) : Which can be used by any system subject to certain operational requirements.

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Spectrum Allocation Contd.

Licensed spectrum allocated to major commercial wireless systems in the U.S. today is given below. There are similar allocations in Europe and Asia.

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Spectrum Allocation Contd.

Unlicensed spectrum is allocated by the governing body within a given country. The following table shows the unlicensed spectrum allocations in the U.S.

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Spectrum Allocation Contd.

ISM Band I has licensed users transmitting at high power that interfere with the unlicensed users. The U-NII bands have a total of 300 MHz of spectrum in three separate 100 MHz bands, with slightly different restrictions on each band. Many unlicensed systems operate in these bands.

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Frequency Carriers/Channels
The information from sender to receiver is carrier over a well defined frequency band. This is called a channel. Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth (in kHz) and Capacity (bit-rate) Different frequency bands (channels) can be used to transmit information in parallel and independently.

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Example
Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base frequency b for communication between stations A and B Assume that there are 3 channels and each channel occupies 30KHz.

Channel 1 (b - b+30) Station A Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)

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Station B

Types of communication
Simplex Communication Communication system which provide only one way communication. Half Duplex Communication Communication system which provides two way communication by using the same radio channel for both transmission and reception. At any given time user can either transmit or receive information.
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Types of communication contd.

Full Duplex Communication Communication system which allows simultaneous two way communciation Transmission and reception is typically on two different channels. Two channels are obtained by using either frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or time division multiplexing (TDM)

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Full Duplex Communication

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency bands
Mobile Terminal M Forward Channel Reverse Channel Base Station B

Fig- Frequency Division Duplex

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Full Duplex Communication Contd.

Time Division Duplex (TDD) A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots alternately.
Mobile Terminal M M B M B M B Base Station B

Fig- Time Division Duplex

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Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service

Reverse Channel
991 992

Forward Channel
799 991 992

1023

1023

799

824-849 MHz Channel Number Reverse Channel 1 N 799 991 N 023 Forward Channel 1 N 799 991 N 1023

869-894 MHz Center Frequency (MHz) 0.030N + 825.0 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0 0.030N + 870.0 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0

(Channels 800-990 are unused)

Bandwidth of each cannel: 60 KHz
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Separation BW of Fow & Rev channel: 45 KHz

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Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques

Channels are often limited in numbers.

Techniques using which the dedicated limited channels are allocated to unlimited users are known as Multiple Access Techniques. Most Common Multiple Access Techniques are FDMA TDMA

Hybrid FDMA/ TDMA

SDMA CDMA (with DS or FH)
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 Available spectrum is divided into number of narrowband channels. Frequency band (channel) assigned on demand to users who request service. Usually combined with FDD. FDD done for duplex comm.

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

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FDMA Contd.

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Time Division Multiple Access

Channel = particular time slot reoccurring every frame of N slots.

Multiple users share frequency band via cyclically repeating time slots.
Transmission for any user is noncontinuous. usually combined with either TDD or FDD TDMA/TDD: half the slots in a frame used for uplink, half downlink TDMA/FDD: identical frames on two frequencies.
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TDMA Contd.

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Hybrid FDMA/TDMA
Most TDMA systems actually employ hybrid FDMA/TDMA - multiple carriers with multiple channels per carrier. Channel = (frequency band, time slot).

Increases system capacity.

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Space Division Multiple Access

Uses direction (angle) as another dimension in signal space. This is generally done with directional antennas.

In practice SDMA is often implemented using sectorized antenna arrays in which 360o angular range is divided into N sectors.
TDMA or FDMA is used to channelize users within a sector.
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SDMA Contd.

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Multiple transmitters occupy the same frequency-time space.

Transmissions encoded with codes with very low crosscorrelation.

Receiver retrieves a specific transmission with its corresponding code.

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Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum is the most common CDMA encoding technique. Spread the signal over a much larger bandwidth than the minimum

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CDMA Using Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum

Spread the narrowband data by multiplying with a wideband pseudo-random code sequence. Received signal multiplied by synchronized replica of the code sequence.

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Wireless History
Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons, torch signals, ... These early communication networks were replaced first by the telegraph network (invented by Samuel Morse in 1838) and later by the telephone. In 1895, a few decades after the telephone was invented, Marconi demonstrated the first radio transmission and radio communications was born.
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Wireless History Contd.

The roots of most successful application of wireless networking, began in 1915. In 1946 public mobile telephone service was introduced with the following drawbacks

In efficient use of spectrum Limited system capacity After thirty years of introduction of mobile telephone, service support could be provided to only 543 users.
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Wireless History Contd.

A solution to the capacity problem emerged during 1950s and 1960s when AT & T Bell Laboratory developed the cellular concepts. Cellular systems ignited the wireless revolution and are extremely popular worldwide.

World Cellular Subscriber Growth

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Cellular Systems
The basic premise for cellular system design is frequency reuse which exploits the fact that The power of a transmitted signal falls off with distance. Thus, two users can operate on the same frequency at spatially-separate locations with minimal interference between them.

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Cellular Systems Contd.

The coverage area of a cellular system is divided into non overlapping cells where some set of channels is assigned to each cell. This same channel set is used in another cell some distance away, as shown in Figure below,

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Inter-Cell Interference
Because same set of channels is used in another cell some distance away therefore interference is possible. The interference caused by users in different cells operating on the same channel set is called inter-cell interference.

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Reuse Distance
The separation distance of cells that reuse the same channel set is known as reuse distance. In order to increase the spectral efficiency of the Cellular communication system reuse distance should be as small as possible so that frequencies are reused as often as possible However, as reuse distance decreases inter-cell interference increases due to smaller propagation distance between interfering cells.
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Reuse Distance Contd.

Since intercell interference must remain below a given threshold for acceptable system performance, reuse distance cannot be reduced below some minimum value thus limiting the capacity of the cellular system.

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Mobile Stations & Base Stations

A Cellular system consists of several mobile stations & a base stations. A mobile station is either hand-held personal units (portables) or installed on vehicles (mobiles), in the cellular radio service, intended for use while in motion at unspecified locations.

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Mobile Stations & Base Stations Contd.

Base station is a fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication with the mobile stations. Base stations are located at the center of a coverage region. They consists of radio channels and transmitter and receiver antennas mounted on top of a tower.

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Mobile Stations & Base Stations Contd.

Base Station

Radio tower

Mobile Station

Hand off
Process of a redirecting an ongoing phone call from one cell to another cell using different frequency pair without interrupting the call.
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Cellular Cell Shape

Base station radiates signal power uniformly in all directions, so a mobile moving in a circle around the base station would have approximately constant received power. This circular contour of constant power yields a hexagonal cell shape for the system, since a hexagon is the closest shape to a circle that can cover a given area with multiple non overlapping cells.
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Cellular Cell Size

Cells may be classified as Macrocells, Microcells or picocells depending on their size. Size of the cell is directly related with the Capacity of the cellular system Power requirement at mobile terminals Complexity of network design Handoffs

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Cellular Cell Size Contd.

Macrocells
Low capacity More power required at mobile terminals Less complex Less Handoffs
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Microcells
High capacity Less power required at mobile terminals Highly complex Quick Handoffs
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Common Air Interface (CAI)

CAI is used to define communication between the base station and the mobiles by specifying four different channels. Voice Channels Used for voice transmission between mobile station and mobile terminals. Control Channels Control channels involve in setting up a call and carry call initiation and service requests. Monitored by mobiles when they dont have a call in progress.
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Common Air Interface (CAI) Contd.

Voice Channels

Forward Voice Channels (FVC)

Used for voice transmission from base stations to mobiles. Reverse Voice Channels (RVC)

Used for voice transmission from mobiles to base stations.

Control Channels Forward Control channels (FCC)

Used for control signals from base stations to mobiles.

Reverse Control Channels (RCC) Used for control signals from mobiles to base stations.
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Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)

Also known as Mobile Switching Center (MSC) All base stations and mobiles are connected to Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). The MTSO acts as a central controller for the network and handles following tasks allocating channels within each cell coordinating handoffs between cells when a mobile traverses a cell boundary Routes calls to and from mobile users and provide internet access.
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Very Basic Cellular Architecture

Public Switched Telephone Network
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Mobility Database Base Station

Radio Network

Base Station (BS)

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Mobile Station
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Paging
Broadcasting a brief message over the entire service area, usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations at the same time is called paging.

Paging is used in the cellular networks whenever a call is placed to a mobile user.
Whenever a call is placed, the MTSO dispatches the request to all base stations to broadcast the paging message throughout the 10/23/2013 45 cellular system.

How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made

Figure - Timing diagram illustrating how a call to a mobile user initiated by a landline subscriber is established. 10/23/2013 46

How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made Contd.

Figure - Timing diagram illustrating how a call initiated by a mobile is established. 10/23/2013

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Wireless Standards
Cellular phone standards
First Generation Analog Systems
Second Generation Digital Systems

Third Generation Systems

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)

Wireless Short Distance Networking Standards

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First Generation Analog Systems

First Generation Analog Cellular systems were mostly deployed in 1980s. AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
Best known analog cellular system standard. Developed by Bell Labs in 1970s. First used commercially in U.S. in 1983. N-AMPS: Narrowband version of AMPS
Voice channels with one third bandwidth of regular AMPS.

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First Generation Analog Systems Contd.

Fig- Analog Cellular Phone Standards

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First Generation Analog Systems Contd.

NTT Analog Cellular Standard

First commercial cellular system deployed in Japan in 1989.

Based on AMPS but at higher frequency and with voice channels of slightly lower BW. TACS Total Access Communication Systems Developed by Europe

Based on AMPS but at higher frequency and with BW channels than AMPS.
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First Generation Analog Systems Contd.

Fig- Analog Cellular Phone Standards

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First Generation Analog Systems Contd.

Countries in Europe had different incompatible standards at different frequencies for analog cellular which includes NMT: Nordic Mobile Standard in Scandanavia RC2000: Radiocom 2000 in France C-450 standard in Germany and Portugal Various incompatibles standards made it impossible to roam between European countries with a single analog phone. This motivated the need for one unified cellular standard and frequency allocation throughout Europe.
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First Generation Analog Systems Contd.

Fig- Analog Cellular Phone Standards

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Second Generation (2G) Digital System

These systems were mostly developed in 1990s. Due to incompatibilities in the first-generation analog systems, in 1982 the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) was formed to develop a uniform digital cellular standard for all of Europe. In 1989 GSM specification was finalized and the system was launched in 1991 with limited availability until 1992.

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2G Digital System Contd.

GSM standard used the following
TDMA combined with slow frequency hopping to combat out of cell interference . Convolutional coding and parity check codes along with interleaving for error correction and detection. Equalizer to compensate for frequencyselective fading.

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2G Digital System Contd.

The GSM standard is used in about
66% of the worlds cellphones with more than 470 GSM operators in 172 countries supporting over billion users.

Because GSM system became more Global therefore, the meaning for acronym was changed to the Global system for Mobile Communication.
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2G Digital System Contd.

IS-54 Digital Cellular Standard
Also known as North American Digital Cellular (NADC) Standard. Finalized by US in 1992 with commercial deployment in 1994. Used TDMA multiple access scheme and FDMA for control signaling.

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2G Digital System Contd.

IS-136 Digital Cellular Standard
Improved North American Digital IS-54 Cellular standard. Similar to GSM standard IS-136 also uses Parity check codes, convolutional codes, interleaving and equalization.

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2G Digital System Contd.

IS-95 or IS-95a standard Competing standard for 2G systems based on CDMA. Proposed by Qualcomm in early 1990s. Finalized in 1993 and deployed commercially under the name cdmaOne 1995. Designed to be compatible with AMPS so that the two systems could coexist in the same frequency band. Includes a parity check code for error detection as well as power control for the reverse link to avoid the near-far problem.
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2G Digital System Contd.

CDMA (IS-95) has some advantages than TDMA (IS-54, IS-136) systems as follows:
No need for frequency planning

Soft handoff (SHO) capabilities

Ability to exploit voice activity to increase capacity No hard limit on the number of users that can be accommodated in the system. IS-95 could achieve 20 times capacity of AMPS whereas IS-54 could only achieve 3 times the capacity.
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2G Digital System Contd.

Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) standard 2G digital cellular standard in Japan. Established in 1991 and deployed in 1994. Similar to IS-136 standard and with the Japanese analog systems.

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2G Digital System Contd.

Fig- Second-Generation Digital Cellular Phone Standards

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Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies

2G

IS-95

GSM

IS-136 PDC

GPRS IS-95B HSCSD

2.5G

EDGE

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2.5G Digital Systems

2G systems with added data capabilities are sometimes referred to as 2.5G system. GSM followed various different upgrade paths to provide data services HSCSD GPRS EDGE

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2.5G Digital Systems

HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Allowed a single user to use consecutive user time slots in the GSM standard.
Up to 4 time slots each of 14.4 kbps data rate resulting in maximum transmission rate of 57.6 kbps.

Used circuit switched technique which is quite inefficient for data.

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2.5G Digital Systems

GPRS General Packet Radio Service
Packet based data network which is well suited for non-real time Internet usage. 8 time slots of a GSM frame are allocated to a single user resulting in maximum data rate of 171.2 Kbps.

8 x 21.4 kbps=171.2 kbps

Compatible with IS-136 as well as GSM
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2.5G Digital Systems

EDGE: Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
Used variable-rate modulation and coding to further enhance the data rate. Provides data rates up to 384 Kbps Compatible with IS-136 as well as GSM

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2.5G Digital Systems

IS-95B: Interim Standard-95B
Unlike GSM, CDMA has single upgrade path for eventual 3G operation. Modified version of IS-95 to provide data services. Maximum data rate 115.2 Kbps by assigning 8 orthogonal Walsh functions to a single user, although in practice only about 64Kbps is achieved.
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2.5G Digital Systems

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Upgrade Paths for 2.5G Technologies

IS-95 GSM IS-136 PDC

2G

GPRS IS-95B HSCSD EDGE

2.5G

3G
cdma200-1xRTT W-CDMA cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO TD-SCDMA cdma200-3xRTT
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EDGE

3G Digital Systems
The fragmentation of standards and frequency bands associated with 2G systems led the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in the late 1990s to formulate a plan for a single global frequency band and standard for thirdgeneration (3G) digital cellular systems. The standard was named the International Mobile Telephone 2000(IMT-2000).

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3G Digital Systems
In addition to voice services, IMT-2000 was to provide Mbps data rates for demanding applications such as: broadband Internet access interactive gaming

high quality audio and video entertainment.

Agreement to a single standard didnt materialize with most countries supporting one of two competing standards: Cdma 2000 W-CDMA
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3G Digital Systems
cdma2000
Built on cdmaOne to provide an evolutionary path to 3G. The core of the cdma2000 standard referred to cdma2000 1X or cdma2000 1XRTT Provides high-speed data services with projected peak rates of around 300 Kbps with actual rates of around 144 Kbps. There are two evolutions of this technology to provide high data rates (HDR) above 1Mbps: cdma2000 1XEV cdma2000 3X

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3G Digital Systems Contd.

W-CDMA: Wideband CDMA
Selected as 3G successor to GSM and is also referred to as UMTS. Primary competing 3G standard to cdma2000. An Enhancement to W-CDMA called as High Speed Data Packet Access (HSDPC) provides data rates of around 9Mbps and this may be precursor of 4G systems.

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3G Digital Systems Contd.

The main characteristics of the 3G cellular standards

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Review

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Introduction to 4G
4G (or 4-G) is short for fourth-generation the successor of 3G and is a wireless access technology. The IEEE official name for 4G is "3G and beyond". 4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to 100 megabits per second.
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Introduction to 4G Contd.
4G would provide users with on demand high quality video and audio. The killer application of 4G is not clear, but video is one of the big differences between 4G and 3G. 4G may use OFDM, and also OFDMA to better allocate network resources to multiple users.
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Introduction to 4G Contd.
Unlike the 3G networks which are a hodge-podge of circuit switched and packet switched networks, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will allow low-latency data transmission.

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Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Wireless LANs provide high-speed data within a small region, e.g. a campus or small building, as users move from place to place. Wireless devices that access these LANs are typically stationary or moving at pedestrian speeds. All wireless LAN standards usually operate in unlicensed frequency bands.
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WLAN Contd.
In WLAN the last link with the users is wireless. The wireless link can be used to provide access to all users in the surrounding area which may range from a single room to an entire campus. The backbone network usually uses cables, with one or more wireless access points (WAP) connecting the wireless users to the wired network. 10/23/2013 82

WLAN Contd.
A wireless access point (WAP or AP) is a device that connects wireless communication devices together to form a wireless network. The WAP usually connects to a wired network, and can relay data between wireless devices and wired devices. Several WAPs can link together to form a larger network that allows "roaming".

Fig- WAP

Fig- PCI Card

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WLAN Contd.

Fig: The notebook is connected to the wireless access point using a PCMCIA wireless card.

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WLAN Contd.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are built around the family of IEEE 802.11 standards. The baseline 802.11 standard released in 1997

occupies 83.5 MHz of bandwidth in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz frequency band.
specifies PSK modulation with FHSS or DSSS.

Data rates up to 2 Mbps are supported, with CSMA/CA used for random access.
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WLAN Contd.
The 802.11b Standard
expanded 802.11 baseline standard. operating in the same 2.4 GHz band using only DSSS. uses variable-rate modulation and coding, with BPSK or QPSK for modulation and channel coding. maximum channel rate of 11 Mbps, with a maximum user data rate of around 1.6 Mbps. The transmission range is approximately 100m.
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WLAN Contd.
The 802.11a standard
finalized in 1999. extension to 802.11 to improve on the 802.11b data rates. uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access instead (OFDMA) of FHSS or DSSS. The 802.11a standard occupies 300 MHz of spectrum in the 5 GHz NII band. 10/23/2013

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WLAN Contd.
300 MHz of bandwidth is segmented into three 100 MHz subbands: lower band from 5.15 - 5.25 GHz Max transmit power levels 40mW, indoor only

middle band from 5.25 - 5.35 GHz

Max transmit power levels 200mW, indoor & outdoor

upper band from 5.725 - 5.825 GHz

Max transmit power levels 800mW, outdoor only,
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WLAN Contd.
The 802.11g standard

finalized in 2003
attempts to combine the best of 802.11a and 802.11b data rates of up to 54 Mbps in the 2.5 GHz band for greater range. 802.11g uses the OFDM, modulation, and coding schemes of 802.11a.

Both access points and wireless LAN cards are available with all three standards to avoid incompatibilities.
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WLAN Contd.

Table - Wireless LAN Link Layer Standards

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WLAN Contd.
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
The 802.11a/b/g family of standards are collectively referred to as Wi-Fi. Extending these standards to frequency allocations in countries other than the US falls under the 802.11d standard. There are several other standards in the 802.11 family that are under development:

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WLAN Contd.

Table - IEEE 802.11 Ongoing Standards Work

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WLAN Contd.
WiMAX
WiMAX is a wireless MAN (WMAN) technology that can connect IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) hotspots with each other and to other parts of the Internet and provide a wireless alternative to cable for last mile (last km) broadband access. The WiMAX specification improves upon many of the limitations of the Wi-Fi standard by providing increased bandwidth and 10/23/2013 93 stronger encryption.

WLAN Contd.
based on the IEEE 802.16 standard. promises broadband wireless access with data rates on the order of 40 Mbps for fixed users and 15 Mbps for mobile users, with a range of several kilometers. Details of the specification are still being worked out.

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WLAN Contd.
HIPERLAN (high performance radio LAN)
In European wireless LAN standard HIPERLAN Type 1 The first HIPERLAN standard. Similar to the IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN standard. Provides data rates of 20 Mbps at a range of 50 m. Operates in a 5 GHz band similar to the U-NII band. network architecture is peer-to-peer.
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WLAN Contd.
HIPERLAN Type 2
Next generation of HIPERLAN, still under development with following goals
To provide data rates on the order of 54 Mbps with a similar range. To support access to cellular, ATM, and IP networks. to include support for Quality-of-Service (QoS).

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Wireless Short-Distance Networking (WSDN) Standards

WSDN standards emerged to support a wide range of short distance wireless network applications. WSDN standards includes Bluetooth Zigbee Ultra Wideband (UWB)

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WSDN Standards Contd.

Bluetooth

provide short range connections between wireless devices along with rudimentary networking capabilities. The Bluetooth standard is based on a tiny microchip incorporating a radio transceiver that is built into digital devices.
The transceiver takes the place of a connecting cable for devices such as cell phones, laptop and palmtop computers, portable printers and projectors, and network access points.
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WSDN Standards Contd.

Operates in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band include Data Link, MAC, and higher layer protocols specifications provides up to 1 Mbps data rate normally transmits at a power of 1 mW with a transmission range of 1m this range can be increased to 100 m by increasing the transmit power to 100 mW.

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WSDN Standards Contd.

Networks are formed in subnet clusters (piconets) of up to 8 nodes, with one node acting as a master and the rest as slaves. Portions of the Bluetooth standard were formally adopted by the IEEE as its 802.15.1 standard.

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WSDN Standards Contd.

Zigbee
The ZigBee3 radio specification is designed for lower cost and power consumption than Bluetooth. The goal of ZigBee is to provide radio operation for months or years without recharging, thereby targeting applications such as sensor networks. consists of link and MAC layer protocols that are compliant with the IEEE 802.15.4 10/23/2013 101 standard.

WSDN Standards Contd.

Operates in the 2.4 GHz/800MHz/900MHz unlicensed bands. The specification is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. supports data rates up to 250 Kbps with PSK modulation and DSSS.
These data rates are slower than Bluetooth, but in exchange the radio consumes significantly less power with a larger transmission range.

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WSDN Standards Contd.

Ultra Wideband (UWB)
Ultrawideband (UWB) radios are extremely wideband radios with very high potential data rates. Operates across a broad range of frequencies. Defines just the link layer technology, so it requires a compatible MAC protocol as well as higher layer protocols to become part of a wireless network. UWB has significantly higher data rates up to 100 Mbps. UWB is likely to become the link layer technology for the IEEE 802.15.3 standard.
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WSDN Standards Contd.

Table- Short-Range Wireless Network Standards

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Wireless Vision
To support wireless information exchange between people and devices enabling Multimedia communication from any where in the world using small handheld devices. Smart homes containing intelligent electronic devices that can interact with each other and with internet to provide connectivity between computers, phones and security monitoring systems providing assisted living to elderly or disabled peoples.
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Wireless Vision Contd.

Wireless networks to connect handheld devices to the network existing with in the office building, campus or corner caf. Video teleconferencing between buildings that are blocks or continent apart including travelers also. Wireless video resulting in remote class rooms and training facilities. Wireless sensors to monitor fire hazards, stress and strains of a building, spread of chemicals and gasses at a disaster site, detection of chemical and biological attacks.
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Wireless Vision Contd.

Various applications that are part of wireless vision posses diverse requirements as follows Voice systems
Relatively low data rate requirements (around 20Kbps) Can tolerate a fairly high probability of bit error (BER of around 10-3). Total delay must be less than around 30msec.
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Wireless Vision Contd.

Data systems
Requires much higher data rates (1-100 Mbps) Very small BER (target BER is 10-8 with all bits received in error must be retransmitted). Dont have any fix delay requirements.

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Wireless Vision Contd.

Real-Time Video Systems
Required high data rate Same delay requirement as for voice systems.

Short Message Services

Very low data requirements No delay constraints.

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Wireless Vision Contd.

These diverse requirement for different applications make it difficult to build one wireless system that can efficiently satisfy all these requirements. Also, at least in the near future, wireless systems will continue to be fragmented, with different protocols tailored to support the requirements of different applications.
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 Many technical challenges must be addressed to enable the wireless applications of the future.
breakthroughs in circuit design are required to implement the multimode operation in small wireless devices. Requirement of minimal power consumption in handheld devices which can be achieved by putting maximum burden on fixed sites with large power resources with the risk of single point-of-failure.
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Technical Issues

Technical Issues Contd.

Efficient use of spectrum by reusing it over and over in the same geographical area requiring cellular system designs with high capacity and good performance. Requirement of technological breakthrough to enable higher frequency (above 20GHz) for wireless communciation.
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Technical Issues Contd.

Security & reliability is difficult to implement in wireless systems because
airwaves are susceptible to snooping from anyone with an RF antenna. The analog cellular systems have no security, and one can easily listen in on conversations by scanning the analog cellular frequency band. To support applications like electronic commerce and credit card transactions, the wireless network must be secure against 10/23/2013 such listeners. 113

Technical Issues Contd.

Wireless networking is also a significant challenge.
The network must be able to locate a given user wherever it is among billions of globallydistributed mobile terminals. It must then route a call to that user as it moves at speeds of up to 100 Km/hr. The finite resources of the network must be allocated in a fair and efficient manner relative to changing user demands and locations.
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Final Comments
Wireless communication seems to have a bright future but wireless systems with mobile users may not be able to compete with wired networks in terms of data rates, reliability. From the discussion it is clear that the wireless vision is a distant goal with many technical challenges to overcome.

Objective of this course is to examine these challenges.

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References1. Wireless Communication Principle & Practice, T. S. Rappaport, Pearson Edu. 2. Modern Wireless Communications, S. Haykin and M. Moher; Prentice Hall, 2005.

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