THERMAL ENGINEERING

EFFICIENCY OF IMPULSE TURBINE

In general

Efficiency=(Output)/(Input)

Output is power developed by turbine Input= Energy supplied to the rotor blade in the form of kinetic energy OR

Total Energy supplied per stage in the form of Enthalpy

Drop

According to various outputs and inputs efficiency are of

3 types
1. 2. 3.

Diagram Efficiency Nozzle Efficiency Stage Efficiency

REACTION TURBINE
1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Casing Fixed Blades Performs the function of Nozzle in Impulse turbine. It directs steam to adjacent moving blade. Moving Blades-produces impulse action on blades Shaft Rotor Draft tube

REACTION TURBINE

WORKING

High pressure steam directly supplied to boilers with out

nozzles.

Steam expands( drum diameter increases) as it flows through fixed and moving blades Continuous drop of pressure.

Produces reaction forces on blades Reaction causes rotor to rotate.

Propulsive force causing rotation of turbine is the reaction

force. Hence called reaction turbine.

Eg: Parsons Turbine

IMPULSE-REACTION TURBINES

Continuous pressure drop as steam passes through blades

Fixed blades action similar to nozzles

Steam suffers

change in direction as it passes through moving blades Change in momentum

Impulse to blades.

Pressure drop of steam in moving blades causes reaction force also.

DEGREE OF REACTION

D.R=(Enthalpy Drop in rotor Blades)/Enthalpy drop

in stages

D.R(impulse turbine) = 0 as enthalpy drop in rotor blades is 0(as pressure remains constant)

D.R>0 as enthalpy drop and pressure variation occurs in rotor blades too

If D.R= 0.5 implies half the enthalpy drop occurs in

nozzles and remaining half in rotor
Mathur page 866

LOSSES IN STEAM TURBINE

Factors reducing the output of a turbine is known as losses Internal losses:- losses which will affect the steam condition External Losses:- Losses that doesnt affect the steam condition

CLASSIFICATION OF LOSSES

LOSSES

Internal

External

Nozzle loss

Carry over Loss Blade loss Disc Friction Loss Moisture Loss

Leakage losses

Mechanical friction losses

Residual velocity loss

INTERNAL LOSSES

Nozzle loss:- Actual velocity is less than the enthalpy

drop occurred

Reasons are Frictional resistance of walls Viscous friction between fluid particles

Turbulence effect

Contd

Residual loss Kinetic energy loss in the in the exhaust steam Reduced by having multistage turbine

Carry over loss

Loss occurred while carrying the steam between

stages

Blade loss Friction over the blades Leakage over the annular space Turning of jet

Contd
o

Disc friction Due to the resistance offered by steam for turbine wheel rotation

Natural frictional resistance against rotation

Moisture Loss Moisture content wont do any work and have different velocity with steam

Forms a mixture with steam so that steam should drag the water content too Reduce the life of turbine blades

EXTERNAL LOSSES

Mechanical losses

Frictional losses in the bearings

Defined by mechanical efficiency

Leakage loss Leakage through turbine gland where the turbine shaft

pass through the casing

Labyrinth packing- for prevention

GOVERNING

To maintain the speed of turbine fairly constant at

designed speed irrespective of the load

By varying the amount of steam passed through turbine

TYPES OF GOVERNING

Throttle(servomotor) Governing-

reducing the mass

flow rate by adjusting the position of spear

Main

parts are servo-motor, control valve and

centrifugal governor
Nozzle

Governing- set of nozzles and valves controlled

by relay cylinder or relay governor

Cannot

be used for reaction turbine as it is not a partial

admission turbine

Contd
By-pass

Governing:- by-pass line with by pass valve and

speed governors
Mostly Here

used for multistage turbine

the additional mass of steam is provided to the

corresponding stage of turbine, not at initial stage

Axial Thrust

Force due to the velocity of flow produces an

axial thrust on the rotor

=mass*change in flow velocity

Since the rotor is not allowed to move tin axial

direction this axial thrust should be taken by the

thrust bearings

Mathur page 864