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HUMAN REPRODUCTION

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LOTUS ACADEMY-DR.ARUN MISHRA

10/28/2013

Reproduction (or procreation) is the biological

process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. The known methods of reproduction are broadly grouped into two main types: sexual and asexual. Coitus: Sexual union between a male and a female involving insertion of the penis into the vagina. Sexual intercourse (copulation) is, broadly, the insertion and thrusting of a male's penis, usually when erect, into a female's vagina for the purposes of sexual pleasure or reproduction; also known as vaginal intercourse or vaginal sex . LOTUS ACADEMY-DR.ARUN MISHRA 10/28/2013

LOTUS ACADEMY-DR.ARUN MISHRA

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LOTUS ACADEMY-DR.ARUN MISHRA

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LOTUS ACADEMY-DR.ARUN MISHRA

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LOTUS ACADEMY-DR.ARUN MISHRA

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LOTUS ACADEMY-DR.ARUN MISHRA

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Spermatogenesis

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L.S. Of testicle

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Ovarian cycle

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Ovarian cycle

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Graffian follicle

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Human ocyte

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EMROYONIC DEVELOPME NT
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Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar ("three-layered") structure known as the gastrula. These three germ layers are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation takes place after cleavage and the formation of the blastula and primitive streak. Gastrulation is followed by organogenesis, when individual organs develop within the newly formed germ layers. Each layer gives rise to specific tissues and organs in the developing embryo.
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Gastrulation: the process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula by the inward migration of cells . In amniotes, gastrulation occurs in the following sequence: (1) the embryo becomes asymmetric; (2) the primitive streak forms; (3) cells from the epiblast at the primitive streak undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition and ingress at the primitive streak to form the germ layers LOTUS ACADEMY-DR.ARUN MISHRA 10/28/2013

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Gastrulation occurs when a blastula, made up of one layer, folds inward and enlarges to create a gastrula. This diagram is colorcoded: ectoderm, blue; endoderm, green; blastocoel (the yolk sack), yellow; and archenteron (the gut), purple.

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The

purpose of gastrulation is to position the

3 embryonic germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. These layers later develop into certain bodily systems. During gastrulation, embryonic cells migrate through an opening within the embryo known as the blastocoele. As the gastrula forms, the remnants of the blastocoele shrink to eventually disappear completely. The opening into the gastrula is known as the blastopore. The inner cavity created by the infolding is known as the archenteron.

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The ectoderm gives rise to epidermis, and to the neural crest and other tissues that will later form the nervous system. The mesoderm is found between the ectoderm and the endoderm and gives rise to somites, which form muscle; the cartilage of the ribs and vertebrae; the dermis, the notochord, blood and blood vessels, bone, and connective tissue. The endoderm gives rise to the epithelium of the digestive system andrespiratory system, and organs associated with the digestive system, such as the liver and pancreas.Following gastrulation, cells in the body are either organized into sheets of connected cells (as in epithelia), or as LOTUS ACADEMY-DR.ARUN MISHRA 10/28/2013 47 a mesh of isolated cells, such as mesenchyme.

The primitive streak is a structure

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that forms in the blastula during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian e mbryonic development. The presence of the primitive streak will establish bilateral symmetry, determine the site of gastrulation and initiate germ layer formation. To form the streak, reptiles, birds and mammals arrange mesenchymal cells along the prospective midline, establishing the second embryonic axis, as well as the place where LOTUS ACADEMY-DR.ARUNcells MISHRAwill ingress and migrate during 10/28/2013 the process of gastrulation and

BLASTULATION

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GASTRULATION

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First stages of segmentation of a fertilized mammalian ovum. Semi diagrammatic. z.p. Zona pellucida. p.gl. Polar bodies. a. Twocell stage. b. Four-cell stage. c. Eight-cell stage. d, e. Morula stage.

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Polar bodies(embryo) When diploid cells in animals undergo cytokinesis after mei osis to produce egg cells, they sometimes divide unevenly. Most of the cytoplasm is segregated into one daughter cell, which becomes the egg or ovum. The other, smaller cells are called polar bodies. They frequently die (apoptose) and disappear, but in some cases they remain and can be important in the life cycle of the organism. Human polar bodies have become increasingly important clinically for human disease assessment and as metrics of 10/28/2013 LOTUS ACADEMY-DR.ARUN MISHRA embryonic potential.

CLEVAGE (embryo)
In embryology, cleavage is the division

of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula.
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Blastocyst embedded on endometrium

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In mammals, gastrulation occurs

after implantation, around day 16 after fertilization in human Once gastrulation is complete, organogenesis begins. embryogenesis.

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Human Embryogenesis

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