UMTS Indoor Coverage Solution

UMTS Indoor Coverage Solutions
Yannick Li
2003-08
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
Summary
o Introduction o Indoor coverage objectives o Indoor coverage solutions o UMTS network design for indoor coverage o In-building coverage design
o Utilisation of repeaters in UMTS network

o Multi-layer network consideration o Recommendations
o Conclusion
Introduction
Today most of GSM networks offer relative good indoor

coverage
GSM indoor coverage was designed initially for Voice services (speech) Indoor coverage is improved by the network densification for capacity increase GPRS packet data service is introduced in a network already densified for voice capacity, so normally relative good indoor data rate is obtained
Most of GSM indoor coverage is obtained by macrocells,
with in-building coverage specific design for strategic buildings Some European cities have installed outdoor microcells and indoor picocells for improving indoor coverage and network capacity with high density of sites
3
Introduction
Most of CDMA networks were designed also for good

indoor coverage
CDMA IS95 network was designed with good indoor coverage objective for voice services (Speech) Indoor coverage is improved by the network densification for capacity increase
Data service is introduced with the CDMA system evolution to 1XRTT, the packet data service is introduced in a macrocellular network initially designed for voice capacity
Densification of the macrocellular network is the common costeffective solution for increasing the network capacity, and for improving good indoor coverage with high data rate Specific in-building design is the cost-effective solution for strategic buildings for the required perfect indoor coverage, high capacity, and high data rate in indoor areas.
4
Introduction
UMTS is a wide band CDMA system offering multiple

services
Speech (12.2 kbps) CS data with different data rates: CS32, CS64, CS128, CS384 PS data with different data rates: PS32, PS64, PS128, PS384
Different from GSM or CDMA systems for which the
packet data services such GPRS or 1XRTT, were introduced several years after the network being design for voice service, UMTS multi-services are available from day one, the UMTS network indoor coverage design needs the consideration of muti-services for indoor users
End users are familiars with the GSM/CDMA indoor
coverage quality, the UMTS indoor coverage quality must be at least at the same level as GSM, or better.
5
Summary

o Conclusion
Indoor coverage objectives
In UMTS network, Service, Capacity, and Coverage are UMTS indoor coverage requirements can be very
different for different environments or different topologies
Dense urban Urban Suburban Rural Commercial area Business area Residential area
closelly correlated. UMTS indoor coverage means Service/Capacity/Coverage requirement for indoor area
Special or specific indoor or in-building have special
indoor coverage requirements, special design solutuons are needed to meet these specific indoor coverage requirements
Indoor Shopping Mall Hotel Small Office Subway (station, tube) Tunnel High Density Traffic area (Stadium, Shopping area) Skyscraper Underground parking Highway Railway (Station, In-train)
8
Services definition for indoor coverage areas

For different indoor environment, the indoor services to be offered can be different For indoor coverage areas in dense urban and mean urban zones, the typical services to be offered are
Uplink : Speech, packet data (PS64) Downlink : Speech, packet data (PS384)
For suburban indoor coverage area, the typical services to be offered can be considered as
Uplink : Speech, Data (PS64 or CS64) Downlink : Speech, Data (PS144 or CS64)
For rural indoor coverage area, the typical services to be offered can be considered as
Uplink : Speech, Data (PS64) Downlink : Speech, Data (PS64)
The service requirement for different type of specific inbuilding indoor coverage area is often different
Covention centers where Wlan is already deployed Undergroud parking
Speech with low data rate data service for the indoor area such as Speech and high data rate data services for in-building indoor area such as
Office building, Hotel, Airport, Stadium, etc.
10
Capacity definition for indoor

coverage areas
For a large area where both indoor and outdoor coverage are required, the total capacity requirement is established by geo-marketing study
Number of users Call profile (UL/DL speech&data) X% of indoor users
Strategic or specific building

Total number of users User distribution (per floor, per zone) Call profile (UL/DL speech & data)
11
Quality of Coverage definition for indoor coverage

areas
Outdoor QOC is usually defined as percentage of surface covered including built-up areas, from statistical point of view, this outdoot QOC can be roughly considered as percentage of buildings which have required indoor coverage Since indoor coverage is designed with Indoor Penetration Factor (IPF) with some margins, normally indoor coverage quality is qualified as by using different IPF
Deep Indoor Mean Indoor Indoor light or Indoor Window
In a strategic building with specific indoor design, the

indoor coverage quality is usually required as
Perfect or Everywhere
12
In a Wideband CDMA network, for defined services,
the capacity and coverage are closelly correlated by the fact of cell breathing effect
UMTS indoor coverage requirement needs to established

by considering, at the same time
Service Capacity Quality of coverage
13
Summary

o Conclusion
14
Indoor coverage solutions
UMTS macrocellular network design for outdoor and

indoor coverage
Indoor area is covered by the penetration of signals transmitted by macrocells Indoor coverage quality depends the density of macrocellular sites High capacity for large area indoor coverage Some coverage holes may exist
15
UMTS microcellular network design for outdoor and

indoor coverage
Indoor area is covered by the penetration of signals transmitted by microcells of which the antenna is placed below the roof top Good indoor coverage, especially for lower floors, can be obtained if the density of microcellular sites is very high and most of the microcellular site antennae are placed in the middle of streets
MacroCell Layer Low data rate services
Microcell Layer
High data rate services
16
Specific in-building design is a efficient solution for the

indoor coverage of a specific building
In-building design is to cover the in-building area by a distribution antenna system connected to a mini BS or a normal BS, the capacity is ensured by the dedicated BS, the coverage is ensured by the distributed antenna system
Dedicated BS has the

advantage on
Traffic and mobility management Better trunk efficiency regardless of the inbuilding traffic distribution
17
Picocell is another solution for specific in-building design

for indoor coverage of a specific building
Picocells solution is to design and install several pico BS inside the building to offer the required capacity and coverage
For a large building, a big number of picoBS are necessary to cover the indoor area, in this case, many links are required to connect the picoBS to RNC, and operation cost can be very high Each picoBS has small power and limited coverage range, the capacity of each picoBS is also limited, so the management of traffic and mobility is relatively poor.
18
Repeater is a cheap solution for the extension of coverage

to indoor area
The signal received from a BS is amplified and re-transmitted to the indoor area
It is expected that downlink capacity is enhanced by the
fact that the signals are amplified by the active UMTS repeater, but some uplink capacity loss is unavoidable due to that fact that
The BS uplink Rx diversity for sector in the direction of repeater is not available, The repeater noise figure is usually higher than that of BS.
19
Summary

o Conclusion
20
UMTS network design for indoor coverage

UMTS network radio dimensioning and planning is
performed by considering
Services and data rates for uplink and downlink
Coverage (Outdoor, Indoor, uplink, downlink) Quality of coverage (percentage of surface covered)
As a W-CDMA system, the UMTS coverage and capacity
are colsely correlated. As a multi-service system including packet data, the traffic can be asymmetric, normally downlink traffic is higher than uplink
UL capacity depends the BS
UL interference levels DL capacity depends BS Tx power

BS
21

Cell range is service and capacity dependent
High data rate users contribute much more noise rise on uplink High data rate users consume much more power on downlink
Indoor users have an very important influence on the

cell range determination
The cell range is estimated on the link loss, the indoor
penetration factor is one of the main contributor to link loss High the indoor penetration loss is used, the smaller the cell range
MS1
x kbps
x kbps
MS2
MS
3
x kbps
MSi
Cell Breathing
y kbps
22
Indoor penetration is modelled in a statistical way by

the average indoor penetration factor
Defined as difference between signals strength from outside to inside of the building at ground level Average over a geographical zone of a clutter environment
Indoor penetration factor IPF is

symetry in both uplink and downlink directions Usually three different IPF are used for three different indoor coverage quality
Deep indoor (20 ~ 25 dB) Mean indoor (15 ~ 22 dB) Indoor light (10 ~ 20 dB)
23
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0

It is important to determine in a realistic way the IPF
The utilisation of a higher IPF will allow to obtain a better indoor coverage quality, but the density of sites becomes also very high, in consequency a higher network implementation cost The indoor user percentage is determined by geo-marketing study with assumptions. Too high percentage of indoor users will lead to the over-dimensioning of the network
24
and Percentage of indoor users for UMTS network radio dimensioning and planning

Outdoor microcells can offer a better indoor coverage,
Number of sites must be sufficiently high to reach the indoor coverage targets in a significant number of buildings over a large zone Introduction of outdoor microcells will introduce also some capacity reduction on the overlayed macrocellular layer
especially for the lower floors of the building facing to the microcell site antenna
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
mCell
Indoor piocells by installing a large number pico BS in

indoor area where both capacity and coverage are required in a specific building.
25

Indoor area covered by macrocellular UMTS network
Normally the UMTS network is dimensioned and planned with
following parameters
IPF= 20 dB for urban area UL : Speech & PS64 DL: Speech & PS384 50% are indoor users
The typical cell range is
between 300 and 500 meters Density of sites in urban area is in average of 5 sites/km2 Quality of coverage is designed for 90%
26

Analysis study based on the field tests performed in
some European cities concludes that
Outdoor coverage with DL PS384 data rate is very good,
reached the design objective Indoor coverage is relatively good for speech and low data rate data service The availability of DL PS384 service in indoor area is much lower compared to outdoor area, and can be very different from one building to other.
It seems that further densification of the macrocellular

network is necessary to further improve the indoor coverage for high data rate service, but
Too high density of sites will increase the interferences for
outdoor users From operational point of view, it will be an uneasy task to find new sites with cell radius < 300 meters
27

Microcellular solutions and picocellular or indoor
design solutions can be envisaged to improve the indoor coverage with high data rate
Microcellularisation will be an efficient solution to improve
the indoor coverage with high data rate, but two factors need careful consideration
Cost: the number of microcells should be enough big to reach the required capacity aad coverage over a significant zone, the cost can several times higher than the macrocellular deployment Spectrum: Each operator have only 2 or 3 WCDMA carriers, using a separate carrier for deploying microcells means lose capacity from macrocellular layer, also the underlay microcellular layer will reduce the macrocellular layer capacity due to adjacent channel interference, a good balance has to be found.
Picocells or indoor specific design allows to improve the capacity and coverage of a limited number of buildings.
28

Alternative solutions need also take into account
UMTS evolution : It can be expected that the down link data rate
will be tremoudously improved by the coming feature HSDPA(High Speed Down Link Packet data Access) in near future, especially for indoor users having low mobility Wireless Lan starts to be widely deployed. It is a cheap solution for indoor data service. Wlan could become a complementary solution for indoor data service coverage
There is not a unique & best
solution, many solutions exist, the optimium solution is the combination of several solutions which allow to reach the indoor coverage targets at lowest cost
29
Summary

o Conclusion
30
In-building coverage design
One of the indoor building coverage solutions is to

design and install picocellular base stations in a specific building to reach the requirement of high capacity and perfect coverage Indoor picocells
Indoor picocellular solution is to install many low power picocellular base stations, the maximum power of local area BS for picocellular application is specified as <=24 dBm by 3GPP The typical indoor picocell cell range is 50 meters, for reaching a perfect indoor coverage, a significant number of pico BS are necessary When a large number of pico BS are installed in a specific building, the capacity of outdoor microcells and/or macrocells is reduced due to co-channel & adjacent channel interferences
31
Another efficient solution is to design and install a
dedicated normal base station with distrubuted antenna systems (antennae, leaky cable, etc) in a specific building to reach the high capacity and perfect coverage
The dedicated base station (#CEM, Tx Power) is dimensioned for the required service and capacity for the building to cover The antenna system is chosed by considering
Low cost Building size & form Installation facility, for example, some building has already the built-in fiber optic connection system
Indoor BS with distributed antenna system
32
Distributed antenna
system
RF coaxial cable distribution antenna system (DAS)
Optical fiber distribution antenna system (DAS)
Leaky cable
Same appearance as coaxial cables with some holes in outer layer, allowing RF radiations
Conducted repeater for remote isolated indoor area such

as underground parking
33
Qualification by field measurement of the available
signals strength from outdoor macrocells is the first step for indoor design
Two important
parameters for qualifying indoor coverage

Ec/I0 (dB) RSS (dBm)
34

RF coaxial cable DAS Distributed Antenna System is
Coaxial cable Indoor antennae Splitter (2, 3, 4 way) Bi-directional amplifier Antennuator Connector
used for relative small building indoor coverage design
35
Fiber Optic Distributed
Antenna System is used for large building indoor coverage design

The transmission loss between base station and remote antennae is small via fiber optic
RFFE Nortel BTS MH
EH
LGC DAS
RAU
Indoor Antennas
The following aspects need careful study during the

design
Number of hubs, indoor antennae Positions of indoor antennae Tx power of BS and ERIP of each antenna
36

For some special indoor areas such as undergroud
parking, isolated small house, etc., no dedicated base station is required, a repeater will be the good solution for the coverage extension and DL capacity enhancement.
37

Wlan integration to UMTS network is a on-going work
Interconection at core network level
Integration to UTRAN (still under discussion in standard body)
38

Wlan operates in a different frequency band, it offers
high data rate data service in some indoor area, for example, meeting rooms, airport, etc. cheap and complementary indoor data service and coverage to UMTS
Wlan is a competition to UMTS indoor picocells, it offers UMTS indoor coverage design needs to take into account
the availability of Wlan in the building
For the indoor area, such as meeting room, airport, etc, where is already covered by Wlan, the UMTS indoor service should be set as speech and message mainly, high data rate users, at least an important part of high data will be carried by Wlan
39

The major cost factors in in-building coverage design are
Base station equipment
Antenna system including

Cables, fiber Connectors Amplifiers
Antennae
Operation cost
Site survey Radio design
Installation
Optimisation
40
Summary

o Conclusion
41
Repeater in UMTS network
Repeater has been used in some GSM and CDMA

networks for the extension of coverage
Wide band repeater
Forbidden by the national radio regulators in most of countries for the reason of interferences caused to other radio systems operating in adjacent bands S1 S2
Repeater
Repeaters for GSM
Band selective repeater

Careful RF design required to minimise the potential interference and time delay
B T S
Channel selective repeater

Can cause problem with SFH if number of channels < hopping frequencies
42

UTRA-FDD repeaters
Two types of repeater connexion
Air coupled repeater The connexion between node B and repeater is by air coupling between node B antennae and Repeater Donnor Antenna Conducted repeater The connexion between node B and repeater is by coax cable
Node B
Repeater
Node B
Repeater
UE
UE
43

UTRA-FDD repeater
One input / One output
No Rx/Tx diversity
Repeater
In-band (channel) gain: <= 90 dB settable Out-band(channel) gains Time delay: 5 ~ 6 ms
Conducted repeater with additional cable delay

90 dB
45 dB 35 dB
5 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz
53.5 dB
53.5 dB
45 dB
35 dB
5 MHz
f0
44

Repeater receives a signal and re-transmits with an
amplification factor in both uplink and downlink directions
Useful in-channel signal is amplified by the in-band(channel) gain Interference signals (spurious, adjacent channel signals) are amplified by the out-band gain The repeater gain is almost constant for not influencing the power control mecanisme between node B and UE (transparency) with a slow AGC. A group delay of 5 ~ 6 ms is added to the signal going through the repeater
Node B
Repeater
45

Repeater has filters and power amplifier inside, but not
signal generation & processing capability
There is no capacity increase by repeater itself Coverage enhancement and extension is the major advantage In theory, some network effective capacity increase can be expected in a CDMA network with the utilisation of repeater due to the fact that CDMA capacity and coverage is correlated. But in pratice, network can loose capacity for the reason of additional interferences created by the repeater and network performance degradation, especially if the repeater is not introduced with an appropriate RF design
Port A
Port B
46

Repeater is a cheap solution for coverage improvement
or coverage extension where the extra capacity is not required
Small building indoor coverage Underground parking, stores, restaurant dining room, etc. Tunnels (highway or railway) Highway with small traffic flow Remote small village, isolated house in rural area Outdoor coverage holes in urban or sub-urban areas
repeater
47

Coverage improvement Some network capacity increase and performance
Sufficient isolation between Donor antenna and the coverage antenna
Antenna type Antenna position Antenna support & Environment
improvement can be obtained with a good RF design

MCL
isolation
Repeater gain setting & adjustment

Compensate the propagation loss between node B and Node B repeater But not too high in order to avoid the saturation to the UEs close to repeater (Dead Zone)
Repeater
Possible saturation
48

Performance degradation can happen, it is not very easy
to avoid in many cases
Possible uplink quality reduction
Artificial multi-path created by repeater with additional delay Without Rx diversity Repeater noise figure
Possible downlink quality reduction

Artificial multi-path created by repeater with additional delay Without Tx diversity
Repeater noise figure Saturation to UE near repeater coverage antenna with small MCL due to too high DL in-band gain
49

LCS(location service ) accuracy loss caused by the
additional time delay
Method of OADOA-Observed Time Difference Of Arrival Cell coverage method Network assited GPS method
50

Serious interferences caused to existing UMTS network
using adjacent channels by the out of band (channel) gains
Desensitisation or blocking to the node B of network B (UL) Desensitisation or blocking to the UE of network B (DL)
X
BS_B Repeater A
X
UE_A
UE B
BS B
51

It is recommended to utilise Repeater in UMTS network
for coverage extension or coverage improvement
Remote small village, isolated house in rural area Undergroud parking, stores, restaurant dining room High way or railway tunnel Highway with small traffic flow Small building with weak capacity requirement Isolated coverage holes in urban or sub-urban area Repeater can also be used for in-train coverage by putting the Donor antenna on the top of the train and coverage antennae inside, but special in-train installations are necessary.
52

It is not recommended to use Repeater in UMTS network
as cheap solution for normal capacity & coverage, especially in dense urban or sub-urban area
Not easy to control the performance degradation of its own network in a very high density of node_Bs Difficult or impossible to control the interferences created to other UMTS networks if a significant number of repeaters are installed. Repeater itself is not expensive, but the operation cost including radio site design, installation, could be very high. Repair the harms (interference) caused to other operators could be very expensive
The utilisation of Repeater is recommended only as a complementary coverage extension with downlink capacity enhancement to some isolated indoor area, the number of repeaters should be minimised in urban area where high density of sites are deployed
53

UTRA-FDD repeater (characteristics & performance) has
been specified by 3GPP
This standardisation gives operators a confidence on the product performance conformity It allows also the removal of some uncertainty on radio regulation issues, such as spurious emissions, protection of other radio systems, etc.
Repeater is an useful low cost solution for UMTS
coverage extension, but potential network performance degradation must be taken into account
Artificial multi-path with an additional delay created by the repeater Dead zone created by the high repeater in-band gain which is needed for the compensation of propagation pathloss between node B and the repeater
54

Interferences to other radio systems
Interferences to GSM900, GSM1800, or PHS should not be a big problem with the actual repeater specification Interferences to other W-CDMA UTRA-FDD or UTRA-TDD networks operating in adjacent channels or bands remain as the major concern
Nortel recommends
The utilisation of repeaters as a cheap and quick solution for UMTS coverage extension and downlink capacity enhancement to isolated indoor area Not to use repeater as a general solution for UMTS capacity & coverage
Not to deploy too many repeaters in dense urban or sub-urban area

55
Summary

o Conclusion
56
Multi-layer network consideration
Multi-layer definition
Macrocell: Antenna is placed above roof top Microcell: Antenna is placed below roof top in the street Picocell: picoBS is installed inside of building (typical cell range ~ 50 m)
57
3GPP UTRA-FDD BS classes

Wide Area BS for macrocellular application
High sensitivity and high power
WA BS performance requirements derived based on BS-UE MCL=70 dB
Medium Range BS for microcellular application

Relative low sensitivity, small Tx power, high blocking characteristics MR BS performance requirements derived based on BS-UE MCL=53 dB
Local Area BS for picrocellular application

Low sensitivity, smaller Tx power, higher blocking characteristics
LA BS performance requirements derived based on BS-UE MCL=45 dB
58
Macrocellular network is deployed by most of the UMTS

operators
Fast deployment for wide area coverage and service offering by reusing the GSM sites and adding some needed new sites Small macrocells to offer the high data rate data services
The typical cell radius is about 300 ~ 500 meters, in average 5 macrocellular sites/km2 in urban area, which is in the same order as densified GSM macrocellular network Tri-sector sites in urban area with 1 carrier at the beginning, and evolve to 2 or 3 carriers when traffic increase High power BS allows better DL coverage & capacity
59
Microcell is a valid solution for UMTS network

densification
Improve the outdoor and indoor capacity and coverage, especially indoor area data rate for lower floors
Microcell BS Tx power has to be limited, since too high Tx power of underlay microcellular site will reduce too much macrocellular layer capacity Microcell range is relatively small, about 150 meters as typical, a significant number of microcells are necessary to have good coverage and capacity over big geographical zone
60
Some cautions and negative consequences need be taken

into account in the design and deployment of a underlay microcellular layer
Using the same carrier on the underlay microcellular layer needs further study. Using a different carrier means the removal of a carrier from over-lay macrocellular layer will decease half (for 2 carriers operator) and 1/3 (for 3 carriers operator) of the global macrocellular layer capacity Due to the adjacent channel interference, the macrocellular layer capacity can be reduced, the microcellular site Tx power should be as small as possible in order to minimise the capacity loss of macrocellular layer, but too much small power of microcell sites will result limited coverage and capacity of microcellular layer The deployment of microcellular layer will reduce the network capacity of other operator who has only deployed macrocellular layer if adjacent channels are used.
61
Some outdoor microcells can be designed and deployed

by using the same carrier as macrocelullular layer
Deploy a or several microcells in outdoor macrocellular coverage holes where there is no coupling or very limited overlap between two layers, but caution needs to be taken on the potential interference to adjacent macrocellular network of other operator. Deploy a second layer in dense skyscraper area where two layers are separated, the upper layer is designed for covering higher floors and underlay layer is designed for covering lower floors.
62
Existing sectors are up tilted to cover the upper floors of the buildings

Picocellular is to design and deploy many picocells in a
specific building which is underlay to the outdoor macrocells or microcells Another solution is to design a dedicated normal BS and use the distributed antenna system to cover the inbuilding area, this solution will be efficient to manage the traffic and mobility in the building
Normally if indoor design is
required, the indoor coverage is often poor. In this case, The same carrier can be used in the indoor design, but special care has to be made for avoiding any signal leakage to outside.
63
High density traffic area (Shopping area)

Outdoor microcells may become necessary for the coverage and
capacity requirements If needed, indoor design with normal BS or picocells to offer the complementary coverage and capacity Keeping the macrocellular sites or rmoving them will depend the coverage and capacity of the surounding area.
64
Indoor shopping mall

Indoor design by using one or several dedicated normal BS with distributed antenna system, the capacity dimensioning should meet the capacity requirement Using a separate carrier or the same carier as outdoor macrocells or microcells will depend how much the indoor is already covered by outdoor cells and the availability of the frequencies
65
Airport, Railway station

If Wlan is already deployed in airport or railway station, an important part of high data rate data traffic will be carried by Wlan. UMTS network should be dimensioned by taking into account this factor. The specific indoor design with dedicated BS or picocells can fulfill the coverage and capacity requirement
66
Skyscraper
The installation of outdoor macrocellular site antennae on the top of skyscraper MUST be avoided
Skyscraper in-building
coverage
An important indoor area of upper floors is covered by the outdoor macrocells around the skyscaper An important indoor area of lower floors is can be covered by the outdoor microcells In-building design or indoor picocells can be designed to give the complementary coverage and capacity
67
Zone of high rise buildings

It would be difficult to manage the interference with macrocellular solution
Two separate layers solution

can be envisaged
Upper layer (antenna below roof top) to cover higher floors Lower microcellular layer to cover lower floors.
68
High way coverage

The high way coverage is a linear coverage, bi-sector site with high power is normally used.
Repeater can be used to

cover the low traffic highway road part or short tunne
Node B
Repeater 1
Repeater 2
69
Railway and in-train

Rail-way coverage is a linear coverage, bi-directional sites are the best solution. UTRA-FDD BS performance is specified ans tested for speed upto 250 km/h, for high speed train, special softsare needs to be developped Important number of sites are necessary
Big in-train penetration loss Small cell range due to high propagation loss at 2.1 GHz
70
Tunnel and Subway tube

Leaky cable is often used for subway tube coverage Repeater is a good solution for short tunnel coverage Special design is needed for long tunnel coverage with power amplifiers, distributed antennae, leaky cable, etc.
Subway Station
floor 1
Subway Tunnel
Corridor
radiating cable
feeder
Corridor
Source
Amplifier
Yagi antennas
71
Summary

o Conclusion
72
Recommendation
Many solutions are possible for the UMTS indoor
coverage, there is not the unique solution which is the best. The choice of indoor coverage solutions should be in line with operators business plan and investment plan deployment experiences, the following solutions are recommended
Based on Nortels GSM, CDMA, and UMTS network

Network plan for initial deployment
i) Macrocellular network by the maximum reuse of existing sites and addition of new sites if necessary ii) In the network dimensioning and planning, the indoor coverage objectives (service, capacity, quality of coverage) should be defined as realistic as possible
73
Recommendation
iii) Specific in-building design with dedicated BS with distribution antenna system for some identified strategic buildings for which high capacity and perfect coverage are required iv) Use UTRA-FDD repeater to extend coverage to small isolated house or underground parking v) Skyscraper needs special design approach, putting macrocellular site antenna on the top of skyscraper must be avoided, the skyscraper should be covered by the macrocellular sites installed around, and completed by in-building design
Network densification for coverage improvement and capacity increase

i) Adding additional carriers is the efficient solution for capacity increase ii) Add new macrocellular sites if possible iii) Continue in-building design for improving indoor coverage in important buildings
74
Recommendation
iv) Design microcells to fill the outdoor coverage hole v) Design microcellular zone in the high traffic hot spots area vi) Use repeater to extend coverage to remote and isolated area, such as underground parking, isolated small building vii) Use Wlan for indoor users for high data rate service where Wlan is deployed viii) Use the UMTS advanced features to increase capacity and coverage HSDPA Tx diversity Beam forming MIMO
75
Recommendation
Microcellularisation & picocelluarisation
i) Use dedicated carriers to design microcells or picocells when the global traffic becomes too high to be carried by the macrocellular network. ii) The ideal is to use the new frequencies in 2500-2690 MHz band for microcellular and picocellular deployment, the new frequency band for UMTS will be available from 2008 or 2010.
76
Summary

o Conclusion
77
Conclusion
The UMTS indoor coverage solutions are in one hand

Macrocells Microcells
similar to that in GSM and CDMA IS95 or CDMA2000
Picocells
In-building design Repeater
But in other hand, some UMTS characteristics need to

be taken into account in the choice of UMTS indoor coverage solutions
W-CDMA
Multi-service
Traffic asymmetry
78
Conclusion
Limited number of carriers (2 or 3 per operator) Wlan is deployed in parallel for indoor data service, interconnection of Wlan and UMTS, also the integration of Wlan to UTRAN is under discussion
The optimum choice of indoor coverage solutions are

Reach the required indoor coverage target Low cost including equipment and operation
79

UMTS Indoor Coverage Solution

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

UMTS Indoor Coverage Solution

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

UMTS Indoor Coverage Solutions

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

o Utilisation of repeaters in UMTS network

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Today most of GSM networks offer relative good indoor

Most of GSM indoor coverage is obtained by macrocells,

Most of CDMA networks were designed also for good

UMTS is a wide band CDMA system offering multiple

Different from GSM or CDMA systems for which the

End users are familiars with the GSM/CDMA indoor

o Utilisation of repeaters in UMTS network

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Indoor coverage objectives

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Indoor coverage objectives

Special or specific indoor or in-building have special

Indoor coverage objectives

Services definition for indoor coverage areas

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Indoor coverage objectives

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Indoor coverage objectives

Capacity definition for indoor

Strategic or specific building

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Indoor coverage objectives

Quality of Coverage definition for indoor coverage

In a strategic building with specific indoor design, the

Indoor coverage objectives

In a Wideband CDMA network, for defined services,

UMTS indoor coverage requirement needs to established

o Utilisation of repeaters in UMTS network

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Indoor coverage solutions

UMTS macrocellular network design for outdoor and

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Indoor coverage solutions

UMTS microcellular network design for outdoor and

High data rate services

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Indoor coverage solutions

Specific in-building design is a efficient solution for the

Dedicated BS has the

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Indoor coverage solutions

Picocell is another solution for specific in-building design

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Indoor coverage solutions

Repeater is a cheap solution for the extension of coverage

It is expected that downlink capacity is enhanced by the

o Utilisation of repeaters in UMTS network

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

UMTS network design for indoor coverage

As a W-CDMA system, the UMTS coverage and capacity

UL capacity depends the BS

UL interference levels DL capacity depends BS Tx power

UMTS network design for indoor coverage

Indoor users have an very important influence on the

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

UMTS network design for indoor coverage

Indoor penetration is modelled in a statistical way by

Indoor penetration factor IPF is

UMTS network design for indoor coverage